Olympiad problems

2024 Vietnam Team Selection Test, 1

Let $P(x) \in \mathbb{R}[x]$ be a monic, non-constant polynomial. Determine all continuous functions $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $$f(f(P(x))+y+2023f(y))=P(x)+2024f(y),$$ for all reals $x,y$.

2023 Thailand TST, 1

Tags: combinatorics , Integer sequence , ISL 2022

A $\pm 1$-[i]sequence[/i] is a sequence of $2022$ numbers $a_1, \ldots, a_{2022},$ each equal to either $+1$ or $-1$. Determine the largest $C$ so that, for any $\pm 1$-sequence, there exists an integer $k$ and indices $1 \le t_1 < \ldots < t_k \le 2022$ so that $t_{i+1} - t_i \le 2$ for all $i$, and $$\left| \sum_{i = 1}^{k} a_{t_i} \right| \ge C.$$

2012 National Olympiad First Round, 32

Tags:

How many permutations $(a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{10})$ of $1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10$ satisfy $|a_1-1|+|a_2-2|+\dots+|a_{10}-10|=4$ ? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 60 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 52 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 50 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 44 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 36$

1993 IMO Shortlist, 2

Tags: algebra , geometry , point set , distance , combinatorial geometry , IMO Shortlist

Show that there exists a finite set $A \subset \mathbb{R}^2$ such that for every $X \in A$ there are points $Y_1, Y_2, \ldots, Y_{1993}$ in $A$ such that the distance between $X$ and $Y_i$ is equal to 1, for every $i.$

2018 Brazil Undergrad MO, 21

Tags: polynomial , Brazilian Math Olympiad , college contests , algebra

Consider $ p (x) = x ^ n + a_ {n-1} x ^ {n-1} + ... + a_ {1} x + 1 $ a polynomial of positive real coefficients, degree $ n \geq 2 $ e with $ n $ real roots. Which of the following statements is always true? a) $ p (2) <2 (2 ^ {n-1} +1) $ (b) $ p (1) <3 $ c) $ p (1)> 2 ^ n $ d) $ p (3 ) <3 (2 ^ {n-1} -2) $

2019 Indonesia MO, 1

Tags: number theory , primes

Given that $n$ and $r$ are positive integers. Suppose that \[ 1 + 2 + \dots + (n - 1) = (n + 1) + (n + 2) + \dots + (n + r) \] Prove that $n$ is a composite number.

1992 Spain Mathematical Olympiad, 6

Tags: complex numbers , algebra

For a positive integer $n$, let $S(n) $be the set of complex numbers $z = x+iy$ ($x,y \in R$) with $ |z| = 1$ satisfying $(x+iy)^n+(x-iy)^n = 2x^n$ . (a) Determine $S(n)$ for $n = 2,3,4$. (b) Find an upper bound (depending on $n$) of the number of elements of $S(n)$ for $n > 5$.

2016-2017 SDML (Middle School), 2

Tags: SDML Middle School , 2016-17 SDML Round 2

Each term of the sequence $5, 12, 19, 26, \cdots$ is $7$ more than the term that precedes it. What is the first term of the sequence that is greater than $2017$? $\text{(A) }2018\qquad\text{(B) }2019\qquad\text{(C) }2020\qquad\text{(D) }2021\qquad\text{(E) }2022$

2024 CCA Math Bonanza, T5

Tags:

Find the number of permutations of the numbers $1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4$ such that no two consecutive numbers are equal. [i]Team #5[/i]

1969 IMO Shortlist, 48

Tags: inequality system , algebra , maximization , IMO Shortlist , IMO Longlist

$(NET 3)$ Let $x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4,$ and $x_5$ be positive integers satisfying \[x_1 +x_2 +x_3 +x_4 +x_5 = 1000,\] \[x_1 -x_2 +x_3 -x_4 +x_5 > 0,\] \[x_1 +x_2 -x_3 +x_4 -x_5 > 0,\] \[-x_1 +x_2 +x_3 -x_4 +x_5 > 0,\] \[x_1 -x_2 +x_3 +x_4 -x_5 > 0,\] \[-x_1 +x_2 -x_3 +x_4 +x_5 > 0\] $(a)$ Find the maximum of $(x_1 + x_3)^{x_2+x_4}$ $(b)$ In how many different ways can we choose $x_1, . . . , x_5$ to obtain the desired maximum?

2023 MOAA, 5

Tags: MOAA 2023

Angeline starts with a 6-digit number and she moves the last digit to the front. For example, if she originally had $100823$ she ends up with $310082$. Given that her new number is $4$ times her original number, find the smallest possible value of her original number. [i]Proposed by Angeline Zhao[/i]

2025 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 13

Tags: guts

A number is [i]upwards[/i] if its digits in base $10$ are nondecreasing when read from left to right. Compute the number of positive integers less than $10^6$ that are both upwards and multiples of $11.$

2011 All-Russian Olympiad, 3

Tags: combinatorics proposed , combinatorics , graph theory

The graph $G$ is not $3$-coloured. Prove that $G$ can be divided into two graphs $M$ and $N$ such that $M$ is not $2$-coloured and $N$ is not $1$-coloured. [i]V. Dolnikov[/i]

2015 NIMO Problems, 5

Tags: algebra , polynomial , complex numbers

Let $a, b, c, d, e,$ and $f$ be real numbers. Define the polynomials \[ P(x) = 2x^4 - 26x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c \quad\text{ and }\quad Q(x) = 5x^4 - 80x^3 + dx^2 + ex + f. \] Let $S$ be the set of all complex numbers which are a root of [i]either[/i] $P$ or $Q$ (or both). Given that $S = \{1,2,3,4,5\}$, compute $P(6) \cdot Q(6).$ [i]Proposed by Michael Tang[/i]

1995 Greece National Olympiad, 1

Tags: number theory unsolved , number theory

Find all positive integers $n$ such that $-5^4 + 5^5 + 5^n$ is a perfect square. Do the same for $2^4 + 2^7 + 2^n.$

1995 Portugal MO, 4

Tags: geometry , circle

The diameter $[AC]$ of a circle is divided into four equal segments by points $P, M$ and $Q$. Consider a segment $[BD]$ that passes through $P$ and cuts the circle at $B$ and $D$, such that $PD =\frac{3}{2} AP$. Knowing that the area of the triangle $[ABP]$ has measure $1$ cm$^2$ , calculate the area of $[ABCD]$? [img]https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ibre0taeRo8/X4KiWWSROEI/AAAAAAAAMl4/xFNfpQBxmMMVLngp5OWOXRLMuaxf3nolQCLcBGAsYHQ/s154/1995%2Bportugal%2Bp5.png[/img]

2023 Durer Math Competition Finals, 15

Tags: number theory , divides

What is the biggest positive integer which divides $p^4 - q^4$ for all primes $p$ and $q$ greater than $10$?

2023 Dutch BxMO TST, 1

Tags: combinatorics

Let $n \geq 1$ be an integer. Ruben takes a test with $n$ questions. Each question on this test is worth a different number of points. The first question is worth $1$ point, the second question $2$, the third $3$ and so on until the last question which is worth $n$ points. Each question can be answered either correctly or incorrectly. So an answer for a question can either be awarded all, or none of the points the question is worth. Let $f(n)$ be the number of ways he can take the test so that the number of points awarded equals the number of questions he answered incorrectly. Do there exist infinitely many pairs $(a; b)$ with $a < b$ and $f(a) = f(b)$?

the 12th XMO, Problem 3

Tags: number theory , xmo

Let $a_0=0,a_1\in\mathbb Z_+.$ For integer $n\geq 2,a_n$ is the smallest positive integer satisfy that for $\forall 0\leq i\neq j\leq n-1,a_n\nmid (a_i-a_j).$ (1) If $a_1=2023,$ calculate $a_{10000}.$ (2) If $a_t\leq\frac{a_1}2,$ find the maximum value of $\frac t{a_1}.$

2012 HMNT, 5

Tags: combinatorics

Let $\pi$ be a randomly chosen permutation of the numbers from $1$ through $2012$. Find the probability that$$ \pi (\pi(2012)) = 2012.$$

2009 Poland - Second Round, 2

Tags: combinatorics proposed , combinatorics

Find all integer numbers $n\ge 4$ which satisfy the following condition: from every $n$ different $3$-element subsets of $n$-element set it is possible to choose $2$ subsets, which have exactly one element in common.

2015 JBMO Shortlist, NT5

Tags: number theory , prime numbers , modular arithmetic , number theory proposed , number theory unsolved

Check if there exists positive integers $ a, b$ and prime number $p$ such that $a^3-b^3=4p^2$

2013 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competitions, 1

Tags: primes , minimum , number theory

Write $2013$ as a sum of $m$ prime numbers. The smallest value of $m$ is: (A): $2$, (B): $3$, (C): $4$, (D): $1$, (E): None of the above.

2002 Swedish Mathematical Competition, 4

Tags: number theory , Integer

For which integers $n \ge 8$ is $n^{\frac{1}{n-7}}$ an integer?

1972 Polish MO Finals, 4

Tags: geometry , perimeter , Geometric Inequalities , 3D geometry , sphere

Points $A$ and $B$ are given on a line having no common points with a sphere $K$. The feet $P$ of the perpendicular from the center of $K$ to the line $AB$ is positioned between $A$ and $B$, and the lengths of segments $AP$ and $BP$ both exceed the radius of $K$. Consider the set $Z$ of all triangles $ABC$ whose sides $AC$ and $BC$ are tangent to $K$. Prove that among all triangles in $Z$, a triangle $T$ with a maximum perimeter also has a maximum area.