This website contains problems from math contests. Problems and corresponding tags were obtained from the Art of Problem Solving website.

Tags were heavily modified to better represent problems.

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Found problems: 1513

1990 Canada National Olympiad, 5
Tags: function , algebra , strong induction , number theory , functional equation
The function $f : \mathbb N \to \mathbb R$ satisfies $f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2$ and \[f (n+2) = f(n+2 - f(n+1) ) + f(n+1 - f(n) ).\] Show that $0 \leq f(n+1) - f(n) \leq 1$. Find all $n$ for which $f(n) = 1025$.

2015 Indonesia MO, 4
Tags: function , algebra , functional equation
Let function pair $f,g : \mathbb{R^+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R^+}$ satisfies \[ f(g(x)y + f(x)) = (y+2015)f(x) \] for every $x,y \in \mathbb{R^+} $ a. Prove that $f(x) = 2015g(x)$ for every $x \in \mathbb{R^+}$ b. Give an example of function pair $(f,g)$ that satisfies the statement above and $f(x), g(x) \geq 1$ for every $x \in \mathbb{R^+}$

2019 Brazil Team Selection Test, 1
Tags: function , number theory , algebra , functional equation
Let $\mathbb{Z}^+$ be the set of positive integers. Determine all functions $f : \mathbb{Z}^+\to\mathbb{Z}^+$ such that $a^2+f(a)f(b)$ is divisible by $f(a)+b$ for all positive integers $a,b$.

2007 IMO Shortlist, 4
Tags: algebra , functional equation
Find all functions $ f: \mathbb{R}^{ \plus{} }\to\mathbb{R}^{ \plus{} }$ satisfying $ f\left(x \plus{} f\left(y\right)\right) \equal{} f\left(x \plus{} y\right) \plus{} f\left(y\right)$ for all pairs of positive reals $ x$ and $ y$. Here, $ \mathbb{R}^{ \plus{} }$ denotes the set of all positive reals. [i]Proposed by Paisan Nakmahachalasint, Thailand[/i]

2020 Korea - Final Round, P3
Tags: functional equation , algebra
Find all $f: \mathbb{Q}_{+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that \[ f(x)+f(y)+f(z)=1 \] holds for every positive rationals $x, y, z$ satisfying $x+y+z+1=4xyz$.

1995 IMO Shortlist, 1
Tags: algebra , functional equation , iteration
Does there exist a sequence $ F(1), F(2), F(3), \ldots$ of non-negative integers that simultaneously satisfies the following three conditions? [b](a)[/b] Each of the integers $ 0, 1, 2, \ldots$ occurs in the sequence. [b](b)[/b] Each positive integer occurs in the sequence infinitely often. [b](c)[/b] For any $ n \geq 2,$ \[ F(F(n^{163})) \equal{} F(F(n)) \plus{} F(F(361)). \]

2023 IMO, 3
Tags: algebra , functional equation
For each integer $k\geq 2$, determine all infinite sequences of positive integers $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$ for which there exists a polynomial $P$ of the form \[ P(x)=x^k+c_{k-1}x^{k-1}+\dots + c_1 x+c_0, \] where $c_0$, $c_1$, \dots, $c_{k-1}$ are non-negative integers, such that \[ P(a_n)=a_{n+1}a_{n+2}\cdots a_{n+k} \] for every integer $n\geq 1$.

2002 IMO Shortlist, 4
Tags: functional equation , algebra
Find all functions $f$ from the reals to the reals such that \[ \left(f(x)+f(z)\right)\left(f(y)+f(t)\right)=f(xy-zt)+f(xt+yz) \] for all real $x,y,z,t$.

1996 IMO Shortlist, 7
Tags: function , algebra , polynomial , functional equation , periodic function
Let $ f$ be a function from the set of real numbers $ \mathbb{R}$ into itself such for all $ x \in \mathbb{R},$ we have $ |f(x)| \leq 1$ and \[ f \left( x \plus{} \frac{13}{42} \right) \plus{} f(x) \equal{} f \left( x \plus{} \frac{1}{6} \right) \plus{} f \left( x \plus{} \frac{1}{7} \right).\] Prove that $ f$ is a periodic function (that is, there exists a non-zero real number $ c$ such $ f(x\plus{}c) \equal{} f(x)$ for all $ x \in \mathbb{R}$).

2014-2015 SDML (High School), 3
Tags: algebra , functional equation , function
Suppose a non-identically zero function $f$ satisfies $f\left(x\right)f\left(y\right)=f\left(\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\right)$ for all $x$ and $y$. Compute $$f\left(1\right)-f\left(0\right)-f\left(-1\right).$$

2019 USA TSTST, 1
Tags: functional equation
Find all binary operations $\diamondsuit: \mathbb R_{>0}\times \mathbb R_{>0}\to \mathbb R_{>0}$ (meaning $\diamondsuit$ takes pairs of positive real numbers to positive real numbers) such that for any real numbers $a, b, c > 0$, [list] [*] the equation $a\,\diamondsuit\, (b\,\diamondsuit \,c) = (a\,\diamondsuit \,b)\cdot c$ holds; and [*] if $a\ge 1$ then $a\,\diamondsuit\, a\ge 1$. [/list] [i]Evan Chen[/i]

2018 Taiwan TST Round 1, 5
Tags: function , algebra , functional equation
Find all functions $ f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{Z} $ satisfying $$ n \mid f\left(m\right) \Longleftrightarrow m \mid \sum\limits_{d \mid n}{f\left(d\right)} $$ holds for all positive integers $ m,n $

2021 Belarusian National Olympiad, 11.1
Tags: algebra , functional equation
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$, such that for all real $x,y$ the following equation holds:$$f(x-0.25)+f(y-0.25)=f(x+\lfloor y+0.25 \rfloor - 0.25)$$

2023 ELMO Shortlist, A1
Tags: algebra , functional equation , polynomial
Find all polynomials \(P(x)\) with real coefficients such that for all nonzero real numbers \(x\), \[P(x)+P\left(\frac1x\right) =\frac{P\left(x+\frac1x\right) +P\left(x-\frac1x\right)}2.\] [i]Proposed by Holden Mui[/i]

2019 Iran MO (3rd Round), 3
Tags: function , functional equation , algebra
Let $a,b,c$ be non-zero distinct real numbers so that there exist functions $f,g:\mathbb{R}^{+} \to \mathbb{R}$ so that: $af(xy)+bf(\frac{x}{y})=cf(x)+g(y)$ For all positive real $x$ and large enough $y$. Prove that there exists a function $h:\mathbb{R}^{+} \to \mathbb{R}$ so that: $f(xy)+f(\frac{x}{y})=2f(x)+h(y)$ For all positive real $x$ and large enough $y$.

2024 India IMOTC, 13
Tags: functional equation , algebra , imotc
Find all functions $f:\mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ such that \[ xf(xf(y)+yf(x))= x^2f(y)+yf(x)^2, \] for all real numbers $x,y$. [i]Proposed by B.J. Venkatachala[/i]

2023 Turkey Olympic Revenge, 1
Tags: functional equation , function , function in r , algebra
Find all $c\in \mathbb{R}$ such that there exists a function $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ satisfying $$(f(x)+1)(f(y)+1)=f(x+y)+f(xy+c)$$ for all $x,y\in \mathbb{R}$. [i]Proposed by Kaan Bilge[/i]

2010 Belarus Team Selection Test, 2.4
Tags: functional equation , functional equation in q , functional , algebra
Find all functions $f, g : Q \to Q$ satisfying the following equality $f(x + g(y)) = g(x) + 2 y + f(y)$ for all $x, y \in Q$. (I. Voronovich)

2019 Pan-African Shortlist, A3
Tags: algebra , functional equation , function
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $$ f\left(x^2\right) - yf(y) = f(x + y) (f(x) - y) $$ for all real numbers $x$ and $y$.

2015 IMO Shortlist, A2
Tags: functional equation
Determine all functions $f:\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}$ with the property that \[f(x-f(y))=f(f(x))-f(y)-1\] holds for all $x,y\in\mathbb{Z}$.

2021 Science ON grade X, 4
Tags: multiplicative function , functional equation , number theory , algebra
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{Z}_{\ge 1}\to \mathbb{R}_{>0}$ such that for all positive integers $n$ the following relation holds: $$\sum_{d|n} f(d)^3=\left (\sum_{d|n} f(d) \right )^2,$$ where both sums are taken over the positive divisors of $n$. [i] (Vlad Robu) [/i]

2012 IMAC Arhimede, 3
Tags: algebra , functional equation , functional equation in q
Find all functions $f:Q^+ \to Q^+$ such that for any $x,y \in Q^+$ : $$y=\frac{1}{2}\left[f\left(x+\frac{y}{x}\right)- \left(f(x)+\frac{f(y)}{f(x)}\right)\right]$$

2011 India National Olympiad, 6
Tags: function , functional equation , algebra
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb R$ satisfying \[f(x+y)f(x-y)=\left(f(x)+f(y)\right)^2-4x^2f(y),\] For all $x,y\in\mathbb R$.

2001 Iran MO (3rd Round), 1
Tags: function , induction , number theory , functional equation
Find all functions $ f: \mathbb Q\longrightarrow\mathbb Q$ such that: $ f(x)+f(\frac1x)=1$ $ 2f(f(x))=f(2x)$

2021 Israel TST, 2
Tags: functional equation , functional equation in z , algebra
Find all unbounded functions $f:\mathbb Z \rightarrow \mathbb Z$ , such that $f(f(x)-y)|x-f(y)$ holds for any integers $x,y$.