Olympiad problems

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 5

There are $n$ line segments on the plane, no three intersecting at a point, and each pair intersecting once in their respective interiors. Tony and his $2n - 1$ friends each stand at a distinct endpoint of a line segment. Tony wishes to send Christmas presents to each of his friends as follows: First, he chooses an endpoint of each segment as a “sink”. Then he places the present at the endpoint of the segment he is at. The present moves as follows : $\bullet$ If it is on a line segment, it moves towards the sink. $\bullet$ When it reaches an intersection of two segments, it changes the line segment it travels on and starts moving towards the new sink. If the present reaches an endpoint, the friend on that endpoint can receive their present. Prove that Tony can send presents to exactly $n$ of his $2n - 1$ friends.

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 2

Tags: number theory , APMO , APMO 2023

Find all integers $n$ satisfying $n \geq 2$ and $\dfrac{\sigma(n)}{p(n)-1} = n$, in which $\sigma(n)$ denotes the sum of all positive divisors of $n$, and $p(n)$ denotes the largest prime divisor of $n$.

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , combinatorics , combinatorial geometry

Let $n \geq 5$ be an integer. Consider $n$ squares with side lengths $1, 2, \dots , n$, respectively. The squares are arranged in the plane with their sides parallel to the $x$ and $y$ axes. Suppose that no two squares touch, except possibly at their vertices. Show that it is possible to arrange these squares in a way such that every square touches exactly two other squares.

2023 APMO, 4

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , functional equation , fe

Let $c>0$ be a given positive real and $\mathbb{R}_{>0}$ be the set of all positive reals. Find all functions $f \colon \mathbb{R}_{>0} \to \mathbb{R}_{>0}$ such that \[f((c+1)x+f(y))=f(x+2y)+2cx \quad \textrm{for all } x,y \in \mathbb{R}_{>0}.\]

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , functional equation , fe

Let $c>0$ be a given positive real and $\mathbb{R}_{>0}$ be the set of all positive reals. Find all functions $f \colon \mathbb{R}_{>0} \to \mathbb{R}_{>0}$ such that \[f((c+1)x+f(y))=f(x+2y)+2cx \quad \textrm{for all } x,y \in \mathbb{R}_{>0}.\]

2023 APMO, 3

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Let $W, X, Y,$ and $Z$ be points on sides $AB, BC, CD,$ and $DA$, respectively, such that the incenters of triangles $AWZ, BXW, CYX,$ and $DZY$ form a parallelogram. Prove that $WXYZ$ is a parallelogram.

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Let $W, X, Y,$ and $Z$ be points on sides $AB, BC, CD,$ and $DA$, respectively, such that the incenters of triangles $AWZ, BXW, CYX,$ and $DZY$ form a parallelogram. Prove that $WXYZ$ is a parallelogram.

2023 APMO, 5

Tags: combinatorics , APMO , APMO 2023

There are $n$ line segments on the plane, no three intersecting at a point, and each pair intersecting once in their respective interiors. Tony and his $2n - 1$ friends each stand at a distinct endpoint of a line segment. Tony wishes to send Christmas presents to each of his friends as follows: First, he chooses an endpoint of each segment as a “sink”. Then he places the present at the endpoint of the segment he is at. The present moves as follows : $\bullet$ If it is on a line segment, it moves towards the sink. $\bullet$ When it reaches an intersection of two segments, it changes the line segment it travels on and starts moving towards the new sink. If the present reaches an endpoint, the friend on that endpoint can receive their present. Prove that Tony can send presents to exactly $n$ of his $2n - 1$ friends.

2023 APMO, 1

Tags: APMO , APMO 2023 , combinatorics , combinatorial geometry

Let $n \geq 5$ be an integer. Consider $n$ squares with side lengths $1, 2, \dots , n$, respectively. The squares are arranged in the plane with their sides parallel to the $x$ and $y$ axes. Suppose that no two squares touch, except possibly at their vertices. Show that it is possible to arrange these squares in a way such that every square touches exactly two other squares.

2023 APMO, 2

Tags: number theory , APMO , APMO 2023

Find all integers $n$ satisfying $n \geq 2$ and $\dfrac{\sigma(n)}{p(n)-1} = n$, in which $\sigma(n)$ denotes the sum of all positive divisors of $n$, and $p(n)$ denotes the largest prime divisor of $n$.