An infinite sequence of integers, $a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots,$ with $a_0>0$, has the property that for $n\ge 0$, $a_{n+1}=a_n-b_n$, where $b_n$ is the number having the same sign as $a_n$, but having the digits written in the reverse order. For example if $a_0=1210,a_1=1089$ and $a_2=-8712$, etc. Find the smallest value of $a_0$ so that $a_n\neq 0$ for all $n\ge 1$.

For a natural number $x$ we define $f(x)$ to be the sum of all natural numbers less than $x$ and coprime with it. Let $m$ and $n$ be some natural numbers where $n$ is odd. Prove that there exist $x$, which is a multiple of $m$ and for which $f(x)$ is a perfect n-th power.

Let $m$ and $n$ be two integers bigger than one $1$. $m+n$ positive integers not exceeding $mn-1$ are chosen. Prove that among them one can find $x \neq y$, that satisfy $\lfloor \frac{x}{n} \rfloor = \lfloor \frac{y}{n} \rfloor$ and $\lfloor \frac{x}{m} \rfloor = \lfloor \frac{y}{m} \rfloor$ [i]A. Voidelevich[/i]

[u]Round 1[/u] [b]1.1.[/b] There are $99$ dogs sitting in a long line. Starting with the third dog in the line, if every third dog barks three times, and all the other dogs each bark once, how many barks are there in total? [b]1.2.[/b] Indigo notices that when she uses her lucky pencil, her test scores are always $66 \frac23 \%$ higher than when she uses normal pencils. What percent lower is her test score when using a normal pencil than her test score when using her lucky pencil? [b]1.3.[/b] Bill has a farm with deer, sheep, and apple trees. He mostly enjoys looking after his apple trees, but somehow, the deer and sheep always want to eat the trees' leaves, so Bill decides to build a fence around his trees. The $60$ trees are arranged in a $5\times 12$ rectangular array with $5$ feet between each pair of adjacent trees. If the rectangular fence is constructed $6$ feet away from the array of trees, what is the area the fence encompasses in feet squared? (Ignore the width of the trees.) [u]Round 2[/u] [b]2.1.[/b] If $x + 3y = 2$, then what is the value of the expression $9^x * 729^y$? [b]2.2.[/b] Lazy Sheep loves sleeping in, but unfortunately, he has school two days a week. If Lazy Sheep wakes up each day before school's starting time with probability $1/8$ independent of previous days, then the probability that Lazy Sheep wakes up late on at least one school day over a given week is $p/q$ for relatively prime positive integers $p, q$. Find $p + q$. [b]2.3.[/b] An integer $n$ leaves remainder $1$ when divided by $4$. Find the sum of the possible remainders $n$ leaves when divided by $20$. [u]Round 3[/u] [b]3.1. [/b]Jake has a circular knob with three settings that can freely rotate. Each minute, he rotates the knob $120^o$ clockwise or counterclockwise at random. The probability that the knob is back in its original state after $4$ minutes is $p/q$ for relatively prime positive integers $p, q$. Find $p + q$. [b]3.2.[/b] Given that $3$ not necessarily distinct primes $p, q, r$ satisfy $p+6q +2r = 60$, find the sum of all possible values of $p + q + r$. [b]3.3.[/b] Dexter's favorite number is the positive integer $x$, If $15x$ has an even number of proper divisors, what is the smallest possible value of $x$? (Note: A proper divisor of a positive integer is a divisor other than itself.) [u]Round 4[/u] [b]4.1.[/b] Three circles of radius $1$ are each tangent to the other two circles. A fourth circle is externally tangent to all three circles. The radius of the fourth circle can be expressed as $\frac{a\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}{d}$ for positive integers $a, b, c, d$ where $b$ is not divisible by the square of any prime and $a$ and $d$ are relatively prime. Find $a + b + c + d$. [b]4.2. [/b]Evaluate $$\frac{\sqrt{15}}{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{35}}{5} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{63}}{7}... \cdot \frac{\sqrt{5475}}{73}$$ [b]4.3.[/b] For any positive integer $n$, let $f(n)$ denote the number of digits in its base $10$ representation, and let $g(n)$ denote the number of digits in its base $4$ representation. For how many $n$ is $g(n)$ an integer multiple of $f(n)$? PS. You should use hide for answers. Rounds 5-8 have been posted [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3h2784571p24468619]here[/url]. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

Given a natural number $n{}$ find the smallest $\lambda$ such that\[\gcd(x(x + 1)\cdots(x + n - 1), y(y + 1)\cdots(y + n - 1)) \leqslant (x-y)^\lambda,\] for any positive integers $y{}$ and $x \geqslant y + n$.

Find all real numbers $m$ such that $$\frac{1-m}{2m} \in \{x\ |\ m^2x^4+3mx^3+2x^2+x=1\ \forall \ x\in \mathbb{R} \}$$

Let $(m,n)$ be the pairs of integers satisfying $2(8n^3+m^3)+6(m^2-6n^2)+3(2m+9n)=437$. Find the sum of all possible values of $mn$.

$m>1$ is an integer such that $[2m-\sqrt{m}+1, 2m]$ contains a prime. Prove that for any pairwise distinct positive integers $a_1$, $a_2$, $\dots$, $a_m$, there is always $1\leq i,j\leq m$ such that $\frac{a_i}{(a_i, a_j)}\geq m$.

Let $p$ be a prime number. Prove that from a $p^2\times p^2$ array of squares, we can select $p^3$ of the squares such that the centers of any four of the selected squares are not the vertices of a rectangle with sides parallel to the edges of the array.

Suppose $p$ is a prime number and $x, y, z$ are integers satisfying $0 < x < y < z <p$. If $x^3, y^3, z^3$ have equal remainders when divided by $p$, prove that $x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 + z ^ 2$ is divisible by $x + y + z$.

Let us define the sequences $a_1, a_2, a_3,...$ and $b_1, b_2, b_3,...$. with the following conditions $a_1 = 3, b_1 = 1$ and $a_{n +1} =\frac{a_n^2+b_n^2}{2}$ and $b_{n + 1}= a_n \cdot b_n$ for each $n = 1, 2,...$. Find all different prime factors οf the number $a_{2000} + b_{2000}$.

Let $n>1$ be a positive integer. Each cell of an $n\times n$ table contains an integer. Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied: [list=1] [*] Each number in the table is congruent to $1$ modulo $n$. [*] The sum of numbers in any row, as well as the sum of numbers in any column, is congruent to $n$ modulo $n^2$. [/list] Let $R_i$ be the product of the numbers in the $i^{\text{th}}$ row, and $C_j$ be the product of the number in the $j^{\text{th}}$ column. Prove that the sums $R_1+\hdots R_n$ and $C_1+\hdots C_n$ are congruent modulo $n^4$.

Determine all prime numbers $p, q$ and $r$ with $p + q^2 = r^4$. [i](Karl Czakler)[/i]

Show that there exist infinitely many pairs $(a, b)$ of positive integers with the property that $a+b$ divides $ab+1$, $a-b$ divides $ab-1$, $b>1$ and $a>b\sqrt{3}-1$

Find integral solutions to the equation \[(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}=16n+1.\]

Given an odd $n$, prove that there exist $2n$ integers $a_1,a_2,\cdots ,a_n$; $b_1,b_2,\cdots ,b_n$, such that for any integer $k$ ($0<k<n$), the following $3n$ integers: $a_i+a_{i+1}, a_i+b_i, b_i+b_{i+k}$ ($i=1,2,\cdots ,n; a_{n+1}=a_1, b_{n+j}=b_j, 0<j<n$) are of different remainders on division by $3n$.

Find all solutions in positive integers to $(n+1)^k -1 = n!$

[url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c675547][b]Greece JBMO TST 2017[/b][/url] [url=http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1663730p10567608][b]Problem 1[/b][/url]. Positive real numbers $a,b,c$ satisfy $a+b+c=1$. Prove that $$(a+1)\sqrt{2a(1-a)} + (b+1)\sqrt{2b(1-b)} + (c+1)\sqrt{2c(1-c)} \geq 8(ab+bc+ca).$$ Also, find the values of $a,b,c$ for which the equality happens. [url=http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1663731p10567619][b]Problem 2[/b][/url]. Let $ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle inscribed in a circle $\mathcal C (O, R)$ and $F$ a point on the side $AB$ such that $AF < AB/2$. The circle $c_1(F, FA)$ intersects the line $OA$ at the point $A'$ and the circle $\mathcal C$ at $K$. Prove that the quadrilateral $BKFA'$ is cyclic and its circumcircle contains point $O$. [url=http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1663732p10567627][b]Problem 3[/b][/url]. Prove that for every positive integer $n$, the number $A_n = 7^{2n} -48n - 1$ is a multiple of $9$. [url=http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h1663734p10567640][b]Problem 4[/b][/url]. Let $ABC$ be an equilateral triangle of side length $a$, and consider $D$, $E$ and $F$ the midpoints of the sides $(AB), (BC)$, and $(CA)$, respectively. Let $H$ be the the symmetrical of $D$ with respect to the line $BC$. Color the points $A, B, C, D, E, F, H$ with one of the two colors, red and blue. [list=1] [*] How many equilateral triangles with all the vertices in the set $\{A, B, C, D, E, F, H\}$ are there? [*] Prove that if points $B$ and $E$ are painted with the same color, then for any coloring of the remaining points there is an equilateral triangle with vertices in the set $\{A, B, C, D, E, F, H\}$ and having the same color. [*] Does the conclusion of the second part remain valid if $B$ is blue and $E$ is red? [/list]

Determine the smallest positive integer $m$ such that $529^n+m\cdot 132^n$ is divisible by $262417$ for all odd positive integers $n$.

Find all polynomials $ p\in\mathbb Z[x]$ such that $ (m,n)\equal{}1\Rightarrow (p(m),p(n))\equal{}1$

problem 3: (a) Show that there exists a multiple of 2005 whose sum of (decimal) digits equals 2. (b) Let $x_n$ denote the number obtained by writing natural numbers from $1$ to $n$ one after another (for example, $x_1 = 1, x_2 = 12,...,x_{13} = 12345678910111213$). Prove that the sequence $x_1,x_2,...$ contains infinitely many terms that are divisiblenby 2005.

[b]p1.[/b] Fun facts! We know that $1008^2-1007^2 = 1008+1007$ and $1009^2-1008^2 = 1009+1008$. Now compute the following: $$1010^2 - 1009^2 - 1.$$ [b]p2.[/b] Let $m$ be the smallest positive multiple of $2018$ such that the fraction $m/2019$ can be simplified. What is the number $m$? [b]p3.[/b] Given that $n$ satisfies the following equation $$n + 3n + 5n + 7n + 9n = 200,$$ find $n$. [b]p4.[/b] Grace and Somya each have a collection of coins worth a dollar. Both Grace and Somya have quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies. Serena then observes that Grace has the least number of coins possible to make one dollar and Somya has the most number of coins possible. If Grace has $G$ coins and Somya has $S$ coins, what is $G + S$? [b]p5.[/b] What is the ones digit of $2018^{2018}$? [b]p6.[/b] Kaitlyn plays a number game. Each time when Kaitlyn has a number, if it is even, she divides it by $2$, and if it is odd, she multiplies it by $5$ and adds $1$. Kaitlyn then takes the resulting number and continues the process until she reaches $1$. For example, if she begins with $3$, she finds the sequence of $6$ numbers to be $$3, 3 \cdot 5 + 1 = 16, 16/2 = 8, 8/2 = 4, 4/2 = 2, 2/2 = 1.$$ If Kaitlyn's starting number is $51$, how many numbers are in her sequence, including the starting number and the number $1$? [b]p7.[/b] Andrew likes both geometry and piano. His piano has $88$ keys, $x$ of which are white and $y$ of which are black. Each white key has area $3$ and each black key has area $11$. If the keys of his piano have combined area $880$, how many black keys does he have? [b]p8.[/b] A six-sided die contains the numbers $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$, $5$, and $6$ on its faces. If numbers on opposite faces of a die always sum to $7$, how many distinct dice are possible? (Two dice are considered the same if one can be rotated to obtain the other.) [b]p9.[/b] In $\vartriangle ABC$, $AB$ is $12$ and $AC$ is $15$. Alex draws the angle bisector of $BAC$, $AD$, such that $D$ is on $BC$. If $CD$ is $10$, then the area of $\vartriangle ABC$ can be expressed in the form $\frac{m \sqrt{n}}{p}$ where $m, p$ are relatively prime and $n$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m + n + p$. [b]p10.[/b] Find the smallest positive integer that leaves a remainder of $2$ when divided by $5$, a remainder of $3$ when divided by $6$, a remainder of $4$ when divided by $7$, and a remainder of $5$ when divided by $8$. [b]p11.[/b] Chris has a bag with $4$ marbles. Each minute, Chris randomly selects a marble out of the bag and flips a coin. If the coin comes up heads, Chris puts the marble back in the bag, while if the coin comes up tails, Chris sets the marble aside. What is the expected number of seconds it will take Chris to empty the bag? [b]p12.[/b] A real fixed point $x$ of a function $f(x)$ is a real number such that $f(x) = x$. Find the absolute value of the product of the real fixed points of the function $f(x) = x^4 + x - 16$. [b]p13.[/b] A triangle with angles $30^o$, $75^o$, $75^o$ is inscribed in a circle with radius $1$. The area of the triangle can be expressed as $\frac{a+\sqrt{b}}{c}$ where $b$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $a + b + c$. [b]p14.[/b] Dora and Charlotte are playing a game involving flipping coins. On a player's turn, she first chooses a probability of the coin landing heads between $\frac14$ and $\frac34$ , and the coin magically flips heads with that probability. The player then flips this coin until the coin lands heads, at which point her turn ends. The game ends the first time someone flips heads on an odd-numbered flip. The last player to flip the coin wins. If both players are playing optimally and Dora goes first, let the probability that Charlotte win the game be $\frac{a}{b}$ . Find $a \cdot b$. [b]p15.[/b] Jonny is trying to sort a list of numbers in ascending order by swapping pairs of numbers. For example, if he has the list $1$, $4$, $3$, $2$, Jonny would swap $2$ and $4$ to obtain $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$. If Jonny is given a random list of $400$ distinct numbers, let $x$ be the expected minimum number of swaps he needs. Compute $\left \lfloor \frac{x}{20} \right \rfloor$. PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

From a list of integers from $1$ to $2022$, inclusive, delete all numbers in which at least one of its digits is a prime How many numbers remain without erasing?

Compute the product of all positive integers $n$ for which $3(n!+1)$ is divisible by $2n - 5$.

Suppose that $a$ and $b$ are two distinct positive real numbers such that $\lfloor na\rfloor$ divides $\lfloor nb\rfloor$ for any positive integer $n$. Prove that $a$ and $b$ are positive integers.