Olympiad problems

2017 China Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: Tstst , Polynomials , algebra , polynomial , China

Find out all the integer pairs $(m,n)$ such that there exist two monic polynomials $P(x)$ and $Q(x)$ ,with $\deg{P}=m$ and $\deg{Q}=n$,satisfy that $$P(Q(t))\not=Q(P(t))$$ holds for any real number $t$.

2016 USA TSTST, 1

Tags: TSTSt 2016 , Tstst , polynomial

Let $A = A(x,y)$ and $B = B(x,y)$ be two-variable polynomials with real coefficients. Suppose that $A(x,y)/B(x,y)$ is a polynomial in $x$ for infinitely many values of $y$, and a polynomial in $y$ for infinitely many values of $x$. Prove that $B$ divides $A$, meaning there exists a third polynomial $C$ with real coefficients such that $A = B \cdot C$. [i]Proposed by Victor Wang[/i]

2017 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: geometry , Tstst , solid geometry , 3D geometry , octahedron

Find out the maximum value of the numbers of edges of a solid regular octahedron that we can see from a point out of the regular octahedron.(We define we can see an edge $AB$ of the regular octahedron from point $P$ outside if and only if the intersection of non degenerate triangle $PAB$ and the solid regular octahedron is exactly edge $AB$.

2017 USA TSTST, 5

Tags: geometry , TSTST 2017 , Tstst , Monge d Alembert

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with incenter $I$. Let $D$ be a point on side $BC$ and let $\omega_B$ and $\omega_C$ be the incircles of $\triangle ABD$ and $\triangle ACD$, respectively. Suppose that $\omega_B$ and $\omega_C$ are tangent to segment $BC$ at points $E$ and $F$, respectively. Let $P$ be the intersection of segment $AD$ with the line joining the centers of $\omega_B$ and $\omega_C$. Let $X$ be the intersection point of lines $BI$ and $CP$ and let $Y$ be the intersection point of lines $CI$ and $BP$. Prove that lines $EX$ and $FY$ meet on the incircle of $\triangle ABC$. [i]Proposed by Ray Li[/i]

Sri Lankan Mathematics Challenge Competition 2022, P4

Tags: geometry , power of a point , radical axis , Sri Lanka , Tstst

[b]Problem 4[/b] : A point $C$ lies on a line segment $AB$ between $A$ and $B$ and circles are drawn having $AC$ and $CB$ as diameters. A common tangent line to both circles touches the circle with $AC$ as diameter at $P \neq C$ and the circle with $CB$ as diameter at $Q \neq C.$ Prove that lines $AP, BQ$ and the common tangent line to both circles at $C$ all meet at a single point which lies on the circle with $AB$ as diameter.

2016 USA TSTST, 5

Tags: combinatorics , Tstst , TSTSt 2016

In the coordinate plane are finitely many [i]walls[/i]; which are disjoint line segments, none of which are parallel to either axis. A bulldozer starts at an arbitrary point and moves in the $+x$ direction. Every time it hits a wall, it turns at a right angle to its path, away from the wall, and continues moving. (Thus the bulldozer always moves parallel to the axes.) Prove that it is impossible for the bulldozer to hit both sides of every wall. [i]Proposed by Linus Hamilton and David Stoner[/i]

2024 USA TSTST, 2

Tags: algebra , polynomial , continued fraction , USA TSTST , Tstst

Let $p$ be an odd prime number. Suppose $P$ and $Q$ are polynomials with integer coefficients such that $P(0)=Q(0)=1$, there is no nonconstant polynomial dividing both $P$ and $Q$, and \[ 1 + \cfrac{x}{1 + \cfrac{2x}{1 + \cfrac{\ddots}{1 + (p-1)x}}}=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}. \] Show that all coefficients of $P$ except for the constant coefficient are divisible by $p$, and all coefficients of $Q$ are [i]not[/i] divisible by $p$. [i]Andrew Gu[/i]

2017 China Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: Tstst , Polynomials , algebra , polynomial , China

Find out all the integer pairs $(m,n)$ such that there exist two monic polynomials $P(x)$ and $Q(x)$ ,with $\deg{P}=m$ and $\deg{Q}=n$,satisfy that $$P(Q(t))\not=Q(P(t))$$ holds for any real number $t$.

2024 Indonesia TST, C

Tags: Tstst , combinatorics , Subset

Let $A$ be a set with $1000$ members and $\mathcal F =${$A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n$} a family of subsets of A such that (a) Each element in $\mathcal F$ consists of 3 members (b) For every five elements in $\mathcal F$, the union of them all will have at least $12$ members Find the largest value of $n$

2024 USA TSTST, 5

Tags: USA TSTST , Tstst

For a positive integer $k$, let $s(k)$ denote the number of $1$s in the binary representation of $k$. Prove that for any positive integer $n$, \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}(-1)^{s(3i)} > 0.\] [i]Holden Mui[/i]

2024 USA TSTST, 7

Tags: USA TSTST , Tstst

An infinite sequence $a_1$, $a_2$, $a_3$, $\ldots$ of real numbers satisfies \[ a_{2n-1} + a_{2n} > a_{2n+1} + a_{2n+2} \qquad \mbox{and} \qquad a_{2n} + a_{2n+1} < a_{2n+2} + a_{2n+3} \] for every positive integer $n$. Prove that there exists a real number $C$ such that $a_{n} a_{n+1} < C$ for every positive integer $n$. [i]Merlijn Staps[/i]

2024 Indonesia TST, G

Tags: Tstst , geometry , incenter , Indonesia , Indonesia TST

Given an acute triangle $ABC$. The incircle with center $I$ touches $BC,CA,AB$ at $D,E,F$ respectively. Let $M,N$ be the midpoint of the minor arc of $AB$ and $AC$ respectively. Prove that $M,F,E,N$ are collinear if and only if $\angle BAC =90$$^{\circ}$

2016 USA TSTST, 3

Tags: polynomial , number theory , Tstst , TSTSt 2016

Decide whether or not there exists a nonconstant polynomial $Q(x)$ with integer coefficients with the following property: for every positive integer $n > 2$, the numbers \[ Q(0), \; Q(1), Q(2), \; \dots, \; Q(n-1) \] produce at most $0.499n$ distinct residues when taken modulo $n$. [i]Proposed by Yang Liu[/i]

2024 USA TSTST, 4

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , cyclic quadrilateral , USA TSTST , Tstst

Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle with center $O$ and $E$ be the intersection of segments $AC$ and $BD$. Let $\omega_1$ be the circumcircle of $ADE$ and $\omega_2$ be the circumcircle of $BCE$. The tangent to $\omega_1$ at $A$ and the tangent to $\omega_2$ at $C$ meet at $P$. The tangent to $\omega_1$ at $D$ and the tangent to $\omega_2$ at $B$ meet at $Q$. Show that $OP=OQ$. [i]Merlijn Staps[/i]

2020 USA TSTST, 8

Tags: USA , TST , number theory , Tstst

For every positive integer $N$, let $\sigma(N)$ denote the sum of the positive integer divisors of $N$. Find all integers $m\geq n\geq 2$ satisfying \[\frac{\sigma(m)-1}{m-1}=\frac{\sigma(n)-1}{n-1}=\frac{\sigma(mn)-1}{mn-1}.\] [i]Ankan Bhattacharya[/i]

2017 USA TSTST, 4

Tags: factorial , number theory , TSTST 2017 , Tstst , Diophantine equation

Find all nonnegative integer solutions to $2^a + 3^b + 5^c = n!$. [i]Proposed by Mark Sellke[/i]

Sri Lankan Mathematics Challenge Competition 2022, P2

Tags: combinatorics , Sri Lanka , Tstst

[b]Problem 2[/b] : $k$ number of unit squares selected from a $99 \times 99$ square grid are coloured using five colours Red, Blue, Yellow, Green and Black such that each colour appears the same number of times and on each row and on each column there are no differently coloured unit squares. Find the maximum possible value of $k$.

2024 Indonesia TST, G

Tags: Tstst , geometry , incenter , Indonesia , Indonesia TST

Given an acute triangle $ABC$. The incircle with center $I$ touches $BC,CA,AB$ at $D,E,F$ respectively. Let $M,N$ be the midpoint of the minor arc of $AB$ and $AC$ respectively. Prove that $M,F,E,N$ are collinear if and only if $\angle BAC =90$$^{\circ}$

2011 USA TSTST, 1

Tags: function , algebra , Functional Equations , median , Tstst , USA , Hi

Find all real-valued functions $f$ defined on pairs of real numbers, having the following property: for all real numbers $a, b, c$, the median of $f(a,b), f(b,c), f(c,a)$ equals the median of $a, b, c$. (The [i]median[/i] of three real numbers, not necessarily distinct, is the number that is in the middle when the three numbers are arranged in nondecreasing order.)

2024 USA TSTST, 3

Tags: USA TSTST , Tstst , number theory

Let $A = \{a_1, \dots, a_{2024}\}$ be a set of $2024$ pairwise distinct real numbers. Assume that there exist positive integers $b_1, b_2,\dotsc,b_{2024}$ such that \[ a_1b_1 + a_2b_2 + \dots + a_{2024}b_{2024} = 0. \] Prove that one can choose $a_{2025}, a_{2026}, a_{2027}, \dots$ such that $a_k \in A$ for all $k \ge 2025$ and, for every positive integer $d$, there exist infinitely many positive integers $n$ satisfying \[ \sum_{k=1}^n a_k k^d = 0. \] [i]Daniel Zhu[/i]

2016 USA TSTST, 4

Tags: Euler , number theory , Tstst , TSTSt 2016 , totient function , function

Suppose that $n$ and $k$ are positive integers such that \[ 1 = \underbrace{\varphi( \varphi( \dots \varphi(}_{k\ \text{times}} n) \dots )). \] Prove that $n \le 3^k$. Here $\varphi(n)$ denotes Euler's totient function, i.e. $\varphi(n)$ denotes the number of elements of $\{1, \dots, n\}$ which are relatively prime to $n$. In particular, $\varphi(1) = 1$. [i]Proposed by Linus Hamilton[/i]

2020 USA TSTST, 9

Tags: combinatorics , Tstst

Ten million fireflies are glowing in $\mathbb{R}^3$ at midnight. Some of the fireflies are friends, and friendship is always mutual. Every second, one firefly moves to a new position so that its distance from each one of its friends is the same as it was before moving. This is the only way that the fireflies ever change their positions. No two fireflies may ever occupy the same point. Initially, no two fireflies, friends or not, are more than a meter away. Following some finite number of seconds, all fireflies find themselves at least ten million meters away from their original positions. Given this information, find the greatest possible number of friendships between the fireflies. [i]Nikolai Beluhov[/i]

2017 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: geometry , Tstst , solid geometry , 3D geometry , octahedron

Find out the maximum value of the numbers of edges of a solid regular octahedron that we can see from a point out of the regular octahedron.(We define we can see an edge $AB$ of the regular octahedron from point $P$ outside if and only if the intersection of non degenerate triangle $PAB$ and the solid regular octahedron is exactly edge $AB$.

Sri Lankan Mathematics Challenge Competition 2022, P1

Tags: number theory , Sri Lanka , Tstst

[b]Problem 1[/b] : Find the smallest positive integer $n$, such that $\sqrt[5]{5n}$, $\sqrt[6]{6n}$ , $\sqrt[7]{7n}$ are integers.

2024 Indonesia TST, C

Tags: Tstst , combinatorics , Subset

Let $A$ be a set with $1000$ members and $\mathcal F =${$A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n$} a family of subsets of A such that (a) Each element in $\mathcal F$ consists of 3 members (b) For every five elements in $\mathcal F$, the union of them all will have at least $12$ members Find the largest value of $n$