Olympiad problems

2005 IMO, 2

Let $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ be a sequence of integers with infinitely many positive and negative terms. Suppose that for every positive integer $n$ the numbers $a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n$ leave $n$ different remainders upon division by $n$. Prove that every integer occurs exactly once in the sequence $a_1,a_2,\ldots$.

2022 Latvia Baltic Way TST, P10

Tags: circumcircle , geometry

Let $\triangle ABC$ be a triangle satisfying $AB<AC$. Let $D$ be a point on the segment $AC$ such that $AB=AD$. Let then $X$ be a point on the segment $BC$ satisfying $BD^2=BX\cdot BC$. Let the circumcircles of the triangles $\triangle XDC$ and $\triangle ABC$ intersect at $M \neq C$. Prove that the line $MD$ goes through the midpoint of the arc $\widehat{BAC}$ of the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$.

2025 Korea - Final Round, P2

Tags: algebra , function , functional equation

Let $\mathbb{R}$ be the set of real numbers. Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that satisfy the following condition. Here, $f^{100}(x)$ is the function obtained by composing $f(x)$ $100$ times, that is, $(\underbrace{f \circ f \circ \cdots \circ f}_{100 \ \text{times}})(x).$ [b](Condition)[/b] For all $x, y \in \mathbb{R}$, $$f(x + f^{100}(y)) = x + y \ \ \ \text{or} \ \ \ f(f^{100}(x) + y) = x + y$$

2018 India PRMO, 8

Tags: chord , angle , geometry

Let $AB$ be a chord of a circle with centre $O$. Let $C$ be a point on the circle such that $\angle ABC =30^o$ and $O$ lies inside the triangle $ABC$. Let $D$ be a point on $AB$ such that $\angle DCO = \angle OCB = 20^o$. Find the measure of $\angle CDO$ in degrees.

2011 AMC 10, 21

Tags:

Brian writes down four integers $w > x > y > z$ whose sum is $44$. The pairwise positive differences of these numbers are $1,3,4,5,6,$ and $9$. What is the sum of the possible values for $w$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 16 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 31 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 48 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 62 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 93 $

2005 All-Russian Olympiad Regional Round, 11.1

Tags: trigonometry , algebra

Find all pairs of numbers $x, y \in \left( 0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right)$ , satisfying the equality $$\sin x + \sin y = \sin (xy)$$

2018 Taiwan TST Round 1, 1

Tags: function , algebra

Find all functions $ f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} $ such that $$ f\left(f\left(x\right)+y\right) = f\left(x^2-y\right)+4\left(y-2\right)\left(f\left(x\right)+2\right) $$ holds for all $ x, y \in \mathbb{R} $

2003 Gheorghe Vranceanu, 2

Tags: function , real analysis , limit point

Let be a real number $ a $ and a function $ f:[a,\infty )\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} $ that is continuous at $ a. $ Prove that $ f $ is primitivable on $ (a,\infty ) $ if and only if $ f $ is primitivable on $ [a,\infty ) . $

2002 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 3

Tags: modular arithmetic , combinatorics , extremal combinatorics , maximization

Let $A = (a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{2001})$ be a sequence of positive integers. Let $m$ be the number of 3-element subsequences $(a_i,a_j,a_k)$ with $1 \leq i < j < k \leq 2001$, such that $a_j = a_i + 1$ and $a_k = a_j + 1$. Considering all such sequences $A$, find the greatest value of $m$.

1972 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 4

Tags: combinatorics

$p>2$ persons participate at a chess tournament, two players play at most one game against each other. After $n$ games were made, no more game is running and in every subset of three players, we can find at least two that havem't played against each other. Show that $n \leq \frac{p^{2}}4$.