Olympiad problems

2015 CCA Math Bonanza, L4.3

Tags: probability

Andrew the ant starts at vertex $A$ of square $ABCD$. Each time he moves, he chooses the clockwise vertex with probability $\frac{2}{3}$ and the counter-clockwise vertex with probability $\frac{1}{3}$. What is the probability that he ends up on vertex $A$ after $6$ moves? [i]2015 CCA Math Bonanza Lightning Round #4.3[/i]

2013 Baltic Way, 12

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , trapezoid , geometry unsolved

A trapezoid $ABCD$ with bases $AB$ and $CD$ is such that the circumcircle of the triangle $BCD$ intersects the line $AD$ in a point $E$, distinct from $A$ and $D$. Prove that the circumcircle oF the triangle $ABE$ is tangent to the line $BC$.

2008 Tuymaada Olympiad, 5

Tags: graph theory , combinatorics unsolved , combinatorics

Every street in the city of Hamiltonville connects two squares, and every square may be reached by streets from every other. The governor discovered that if he closed all squares of any route not passing any square more than once, every remained square would be reachable from each other. Prove that there exists a circular route passing every square of the city exactly once. [i]Author: S. Berlov[/i]

1988 IMO Longlists, 85

Tags: modular arithmetic , combinatorics , invariant , IMO Shortlist

Around a circular table an even number of persons have a discussion. After a break they sit again around the circular table in a different order. Prove that there are at least two people such that the number of participants sitting between them before and after a break is the same.

2008 Canada National Olympiad, 5

Tags: algebra , polynomial , combinatorics proposed , combinatorics

A [i]self-avoiding rook walk[/i] on a chessboard (a rectangular grid of unit squares) is a path traced by a sequence of moves parallel to an edge of the board from one unit square to another, such that each begins where the previous move ended and such that no move ever crosses a square that has previously been crossed, i.e., the rook's path is non-self-intersecting. Let $ R(m, n)$ be the number of self-avoiding rook walks on an $ m \times n$ ($ m$ rows, $ n$ columns) chessboard which begin at the lower-left corner and end at the upper-left corner. For example, $ R(m, 1) \equal{} 1$ for all natural numbers $ m$; $ R(2, 2) \equal{} 2$; $ R(3, 2) \equal{} 4$; $ R(3, 3) \equal{} 11$. Find a formula for $ R(3, n)$ for each natural number $ n$.

1992 Romania Team Selection Test, 7

Tags: algebra proposed , algebra

Let $(a_{n})_{n\geq 1}$ and $(b_{n})_{n\geq 1}$ be the sequence of positive integers defined by $a_{n+1}=na_{n}+1$ and $b_{n+1}=nb_{n}-1$ for $n\geq 1$. Show that the two sequence cannot have infinitely many common terms. [i]Laurentiu Panaitopol[/i]

1942 Putnam, A3

Tags: Putnam , series , Convergence

Is the series $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{n!}{(n+1)^{n}}\cdot \left(\frac{19}{7}\right)^{n}$$ convergent or divergent?

2017 Puerto Rico Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: algebra , Sequences , Sequence

We define the sequences $a_n =\frac{n (n + 1)}{2}$ and $b_n = a_1 + a_2 +… + a_n$. Prove that there is no integer $n$ such that $b_n = 2017$.

2009 AMC 10, 2

Tags: AMC 10 , AMC

Four coins are picked out of a piggy bank that contains a collection of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. Which of the following could [i]not[/i] be the total value of the four coins, in cents? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 15 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 25 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 35 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 45 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 55$

2010 Indonesia TST, 2

Tags: greatest common divisor , number theory , Sequence , IMO Shortlist

Let $ a_0$, $ a_1$, $ a_2$, $ \ldots$ be a sequence of positive integers such that the greatest common divisor of any two consecutive terms is greater than the preceding term; in symbols, $ \gcd (a_i, a_{i \plus{} 1}) > a_{i \minus{} 1}$. Prove that $ a_n\ge 2^n$ for all $ n\ge 0$. [i]Proposed by Morteza Saghafian, Iran[/i]

2018 Polish Junior MO Second Round, 4

Tags: geometry , trapezoid , Plane Geometry , Poland

Let $ABCD$ be a trapezoid with bases $AB$ and $CD$. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie on diagonals $AC$ and $BD$, respectively and $\angle APD = \angle BQC$. Prove that $\angle AQD = \angle BPC$.

2002 National Olympiad First Round, 29

Tags: geometry , angle bisector

In $\triangle ABC$, angle bisector ıf $\widehat{CAB}$ meets $BC$ at $L$, angle bisector of $\widehat{ABC}$ meets $AC$ at $N$. Lines $AL$ and $BN$ meet at $O$. If $|NL| = \sqrt 3$, what is$|ON| + |OL|$? $ \textbf{a)}\ 3\sqrt 3 \qquad\textbf{b)}\ 2\sqrt 3 \qquad\textbf{c)}\ 2 \qquad\textbf{d)}\ 3 \qquad\textbf{e)}\ 5 $

2014 India Regional Mathematical Olympiad, 2

Tags: inequalities

Find all real $x,y$ such that \[x^2 + 2y^2 + \frac{1}{2} \le x(2y+1) \]

1994 Iran MO (2nd round), 1

Tags: function , pigeonhole principle , modular arithmetic , number theory proposed , number theory

Let $\overline{a_1a_2a_3\ldots a_n}$ be the representation of a $n-$digits number in base $10.$ Prove that there exists a one-to-one function like $f : \{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots, 9\} \to \{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots, 9\}$ such that $f(a_1) \neq 0$ and the number $\overline{ f(a_1)f(a_2)f(a_3) \ldots f(a_n) }$ is divisible by $3.$

1999 Baltic Way, 17

Tags: number theory proposed , number theory

Does there exist a finite sequence of integers $c_1,c_2,\ldots ,c_n$ such that all the numbers $a+c_1,a+c_2,\ldots ,a+c_n$ are primes for more than one but not infinitely many different integers $a$?

2007 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competitions, 14

Tags:

How many ordered pairs of integers (x; y) satisfy the equation: 2$x^2$ + $y^2$ + xy = 2(x + y)?

2012 Greece Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: trapezoid , combinatorics

Let $n=3k$ be a positive integer (with $k\geq 2$). An equilateral triangle is divided in $n^2$ unit equilateral triangles with sides parallel to the initial, forming a grid. We will call "trapezoid" the trapezoid which is formed by three equilateral triangles (one base is equal to one and the other is equal to two). We colour the points of the grid with three colours (red, blue and green) such that each two neighboring points have different colour. Finally, the colour of a "trapezoid" will be the colour of the midpoint of its big base. Find the number of all "trapezoids" in the grid (not necessarily disjoint) and determine the number of red, blue and green "trapezoids".

2025 Belarusian National Olympiad, 10.3

Tags: geometry

Given two angles $ACT$ and $TCB$, where $A$, $C$ and $B$ lie on a line in that order. A circle $\alpha$ is inscribed in the first angle, and $\beta$ in the second. $\alpha$ is tangent to $AB$ and $CT$ at points $A$ and $E$, and $\beta$ is tangent to $AE$ and $BF$ at $B$ and $F \neq E$. Lines $AE$ and $BF$ intersect at $P$. Circumcircle $\omega$ of triangle $PEF$ intersects $\alpha$ and $\beta$ at $X$ and $Y$ respectively. Prove that $AX$ and $BY$ intersect on $\omega$. [i]Matsvei Zorka[/i]

2014 Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 2

Tags: combinatorics

There are $40$ points on the two parallel lines. We divide it to pairs, such that line segments, that connects point in pair, do not intersect each other ( endpoint from one segment cannot lies on another segment). Prove, that number of ways to do it is less than $3^{39}$

2007 China Team Selection Test, 2

Tags: algebra , polynomial , Euler , number theory unsolved , number theory

After multiplying out and simplifying polynomial $ (x \minus{} 1)(x^2 \minus{} 1)(x^3 \minus{} 1)\cdots(x^{2007} \minus{} 1),$ getting rid of all terms whose powers are greater than $ 2007,$ we acquire a new polynomial $ f(x).$ Find its degree and the coefficient of the term having the highest power. Find the degree of $ f(x) \equal{} (1 \minus{} x)(1 \minus{} x^{2})...(1 \minus{} x^{2007})$ $ (mod$ $ x^{2008}).$

2015 Auckland Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: combinatorics

In the calculation $HE \times EH = WHEW$, where different letters stand for different nonzero digits. Find the values of all the letters.

2011 AIME Problems, 6

Tags: probability , AMC , AIME

Define an ordered quadruple of integers $(a, b, c, d)$ as interesting if $1 \le a<b<c<d \le 10$, and $a+d>b+c$. How many ordered quadruples are there?

2020 Simon Marais Mathematics Competition, A3

Tags: analysis , real analysis , college contests

Determine the set of real numbers $\alpha$ that can be expressed in the form \[\alpha=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{x_{n+1}}{x_n^3}\] where $x_0,x_1,x_2,\dots$ is an increasing sequence of real numbers with $x_0=1$.

1992 IMTS, 3

Tags: number theory unsolved , number theory

In a mathematical version of baseball, the umpire chooses a positive integer $m$, $m \leq n$, and you guess positive integers to obtain information about $m$. If your guess is smaller than the umpire's $m$, he calls it a "ball"; if it is greater than or equal to $m$, he calls it a "strike." To "hit" it you must state the the correct value of $m$ after the 3rd strike or the 6th guess, whichever comes first. What is the largest $n$ so that there exists a strategy that will allow you to bat 1.000, i.e. always state $m$ correctly? Describe your strategy in detail.

2012 AMC 10, 5

Tags: AMC

Anna enjoys dinner at a restaurant in Washington, D.C., where the sales tax on meals is $10\%$. She leaves a $15\%$ tip on the prices of her meal before the sales tax is added, and the tax is calculated on the pre-tip amount. She spends a total of $27.50$ for dinner. What is the cost of here dinner without tax or tip? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \$18\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \$20\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \$21\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \$22\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \$24$