Show that there is a digit unequal to 2 in the decimal represesentation of $ \sqrt [3]{3}$ between the $ 1000000$-th und $ 3141592$-th position after decimal point.

Describe which positive integers do not belong to the set \[E = \left\{ \lfloor n+ \sqrt n +\frac 12 \rfloor | n \in \mathbb N\right\}.\]

Let $m>1$ be an integer. Determine the number of positive integer solutions of the equation $\left\lfloor\frac xm\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor\frac x{m-1}\right\rfloor$.

For a real number $x$ let $\lfloor x\rfloor$ be the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$ and let $\{x\} = x - \lfloor x\rfloor$. If $a, b, c$ are distinct real numbers, prove that \[\frac{a^3}{(a-b)(a-c)}+\frac{b^3}{(b-a)(b-c)}+\frac{c^3}{(c-a)(c-b)}\] is an integer if and only if $\{a\} + \{b\} + \{c\}$ is an integer.

Given a positive integer $k\geq2$, set $a_1=1$ and, for every integer $n\geq 2$, let $a_n$ be the smallest solution of equation \[x=1+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left\lfloor\sqrt[k]{\frac{x}{a_i}}\right\rfloor\] that exceeds $a_{n-1}$. Prove that all primes are among the terms of the sequence $a_1,a_2,\ldots$

Let $ \alpha,\beta$ be real numbers satisfying $ 1 < \alpha < \beta.$ Find the greatest positive integer $ r$ having the following property: each of positive integers is colored by one of $ r$ colors arbitrarily, there always exist two integers $ x,y$ having the same color such that $ \alpha\le \frac {x}{y}\le\beta.$

In rectangle $ ABCD$, $ AB\equal{}100$. Let $ E$ be the midpoint of $ \overline{AD}$. Given that line $ AC$ and line $ BE$ are perpendicular, find the greatest integer less than $ AD$.

Determine all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that the following equation holds for every real $x,y$: \[ f(f(x) + y) = \lfloor x + f(f(y)) \rfloor. \] [b]Note:[/b] $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denotes the greatest integer not greater than $x$.

Let the irrational number \[\alpha =1-\cfrac{1}{2a_1-\cfrac{1}{2a_2-\cfrac{1}{2a_3-\cdots}}}\] where coefficients $a_1, a_2, \ldots$ are positive integers, infinitely many of which are greater than $1$. Prove that for every positive integer $N$ at least half of the numbers $\lfloor \alpha\rfloor, \lfloor 2\alpha\rfloor, \ldots, \lfloor N\alpha\rfloor$ are even. [i]Proposed by Géza Kós, Budapest[/i]

Let $ m$ and $ n$ be positive integers with $ m > n \geq 2.$ Set $ S \equal{} \{1, 2, \ldots, m\},$ and $ T \equal{} \{a_l, a_2, \ldots, a_n\}$ is a subset of S such that every number in $ S$ is not divisible by any two distinct numbers in $ T.$ Prove that \[ \sum^n_{i \equal{} 1} \frac {1}{a_i} < \frac {m \plus{} n}{m}. \]

Let $a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n$ are real numbers, prove that; \[\sum_{i=1}^na_i^2-\sum_{i=1}^n a_i a_{i+1} \le \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\right\rfloor(M-m)^2.\] where $a_{n+1}=a_1,M=\max_{1\le i\le n} a_i,m=\min_{1\le i\le n} a_i$.

For each integer $ n > 1,$ let $ F(n)$ be the number of solutions of the equation $ \sin x \equal{} \sin nx$ on the interval $ [0,\pi].$ What is $ \sum_{n \equal{} 2}^{2007}F(n)?$ $ \textbf{(A)}\ 2,014,524 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 2,015,028 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2,015,033 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 2,016,532 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 2,017,033$

Prove that there exists a positive real number $C$ with the following property: for any integer $n\ge 2$ and any subset $X$ of the set $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ such that $|X|\ge 2$, there exist $x,y,z,w \in X$(not necessarily distinct) such that \[0<|xy-zw|<C\alpha ^{-4}\] where $\alpha =\frac{|X|}{n}$.

Find the smallest nonnegative integer $n$ for which $\binom{2006}{n}$ is divisible by $7^3$.

Let $ A$, $ B$ be the number of digits of $ 2^{1998}$ and $ 5^{1998}$ in decimal system. $ A \plus{} B \equal{} ?$ $\textbf{(A)}\ 1998 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 1999 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 2000 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 3996 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 3998$

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Find the number of sequences $a_0,a_1,a_2,\dots,a_{2n}$ of integers in the range $[0,n]$ such that for all integers $0\leq k\leq n$ and all nonnegative integers $m$, there exists an integer $k\leq i\leq 2k$ such that $\lfloor k/2^m\rfloor=a_i.$ [i]Andrew Carratu[/i]

What is the least positive integer $n$ such that $\overbrace{f(f(\dots f}^{21 \text{ times}}(n)))=2013$ where $f(x)=x+1+\lfloor \sqrt x \rfloor$? ($\lfloor a \rfloor$ denotes the greatest integer not exceeding the real number $a$.) $ \textbf{(A)}\ 1214 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 1202 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 1186 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 1178 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None of above} $

Let $n$ and $k$ are integers with $n>0$. Prove that \[-\frac{1}{2n}\sum^{n-1}_{m=1}\cot \frac{\pi m}{n}\sin \frac{2\pi km}{n}= \begin{cases}\tfrac{k}{n}-\lfloor\tfrac{k}{n}\rfloor-\frac12 & \text{if }k|n \\ 0 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}.\]

Let $\lfloor \bullet \rfloor$ denote the floor function. For nonnegative integers $a$ and $b$, their [i]bitwise xor[/i], denoted $a \oplus b$, is the unique nonnegative integer such that $$ \left \lfloor \frac{a}{2^k} \right \rfloor+ \left\lfloor\frac{b}{2^k} \right\rfloor - \left\lfloor \frac{a\oplus b}{2^k}\right\rfloor$$ is even for every $k \ge 0$. Find all positive integers $a$ such that for any integers $x>y\ge 0$, we have \[ x\oplus ax \neq y \oplus ay. \] [i]Carl Schildkraut[/i]

For any real number $ x$ prove that: \[ x\in \mathbb{Z}\Leftrightarrow \lfloor x\rfloor \plus{}\lfloor 2x\rfloor\plus{}\lfloor 3x\rfloor\plus{}...\plus{}\lfloor nx\rfloor\equal{}\frac{n(\lfloor x\rfloor\plus{}\lfloor nx\rfloor)}{2}\ ,\ (\forall)n\in \mathbb{N}^*\]

For every positive integer $ n$ let \[ a_n\equal{}\sum_{k\equal{}n}^{2n}\frac{(2k\plus{}1)^n}{k}\] Show that there exists no $ n$, for which $ a_n$ is a non-negative integer.

Three speed skaters have a friendly "race" on a skating oval. They all start from the same point and skate in the same direction, but with different speeds that they maintain throughout the race. The slowest skater does $1$ lap per minute, the fastest one does $3.14$ laps per minute, and the middle one does $L$ laps a minute for some $1 < L < 3.14$. The race ends at the moment when all three skaters again come together to the same point on the oval (which may differ from the starting point.) Determine the number of different choices for $L$ such that exactly $117$ passings occur before the end of the race. Note: A passing is defined as when one skater passes another one. The beginning and the end of the race when all three skaters are together are not counted as passings.

For each positive integer n, let $ f(n) \equal{} \sum_{k \equal{} 1}^{100} \lfloor \log_{10} (kn) \rfloor$. Find the largest value of n for which $ f(n) \le 300$. [b]Note:[/b] $ \lfloor x \rfloor$ is the greatest integer less than or equal to $ x$.

Let $ m$ be a positive integer and define $ f(m)$ to be the number of factors of $ 2$ in $ m!$ (that is, the greatest positive integer $ k$ such that $ 2^k|m!$). Prove that there are infinitely many positive integers $ m$ such that $ m \minus{} f(m) \equal{} 1989.$

Find the smallest positive integer $n$ such that \[0< \sqrt[4]{n}-\lfloor \sqrt[4]{n}\rfloor < 0.00001.\]