Olympiad problems

2010 Germany Team Selection Test, 3

Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that \[f(x)f(y) = (x+y+1)^2 \cdot f \left( \frac{xy-1}{x+y+1} \right)\] $\forall x,y \in \mathbb{R}$ with $x+y+1 \neq 0$ and $f(x) > 1$ $\forall x > 0.$

1980 IMO Longlists, 7

Tags: function , functional equation , algebra

The function $f$ is defined on the set $\mathbb{Q}$ of all rational numbers and has values in $\mathbb{Q}$. It satisfies the conditions $f(1) = 2$ and $f(xy) = f(x)f(y) - f(x+y) + 1$ for all $x,y \in \mathbb{Q}$. Determine $f$.

2017-IMOC, A2

Tags: algebra , number theory , fe , functional equation

Find all functions $f:\mathbb N\to\mathbb N$ such that \begin{align*} x+f(y)&\mid f(y+f(x))\\ f(x)-2017&\mid x-2017\end{align*}

2016 Estonia Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: algebra , functional equation , functional

Find all functions $f : R \to R$ satisfying the equality $f (2^x + 2y) =2^y f ( f (x)) f (y) $for every $x, y \in R$.

2024 South Africa National Olympiad, 4

Tags: functional equation in n , functional equation , algebra

Find all functions $f$ from integers to integers such that \[ f(m+n) + f(m-n) - 2f(m) = 6mn^2\] for all integers $m$ and $n$.

2019 USA TSTST, 7

Tags: number theory , greatest common divisor , algebra , functional equation

Let $f: \mathbb Z\to \{1, 2, \dots, 10^{100}\}$ be a function satisfying $$\gcd(f(x), f(y)) = \gcd(f(x), x-y)$$ for all integers $x$ and $y$. Show that there exist positive integers $m$ and $n$ such that $f(x) = \gcd(m+x, n)$ for all integers $x$. [i]Ankan Bhattacharya[/i]

PEN K Problems, 9

Tags: functional equation , function

Find all functions $f: \mathbb{N}_{0}\rightarrow \mathbb{N}_{0}$ such that for all $n\in \mathbb{N}_{0}$: \[f(f(n))+f(n)=2n+6.\]

2019 ELMO Shortlist, A4

Tags: algebra , functional equation

Find all nondecreasing functions $f:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R$ such that, for all $x,y\in \mathbb R$, $$f(f(x))+f(y)=f(x+f(y))+1.$$ [i]Proposed by Carl Schildkraut[/i]

2017 Taiwan TST Round 2, 1

Tags: algebra , functional equation

Determine all surjective functions $ f: \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z} $ such that $$ f\left(xyz+xf\left(y\right)+yf\left(z\right)+zf\left(x\right)\right)=f\left(x\right)f\left(y\right)f\left(z\right) $$ for all $ x,y,z $ in $ \mathbb{Z} $

2016 Saudi Arabia GMO TST, 2

Tags: algebra , functional , functional equation

Find all functions $f : Z \to Z$ such that $f (2m + f (m) + f (m)f (n)) = nf (m) + m$ for any integers $m, n$

1964 Dutch Mathematical Olympiad, 4

Tags: algebra , function , functional equation

The function $ƒ$ is defined at $[0,1]$, and $f\{f(x)\} = ƒ(x)$. $\exists _{c\in [0,1]} \left[f(c) =\frac12 \right]$ Determine $f\left(\frac12 \right).$ $\forall _{t\in [0,1]}\exists _{s\in [0,1]}[f(s) = t]$. Determine $f$. Prove that the function $g$, with $g(x) = x$,$0 \le x \le k$, $g(x) = k$, $k \le x \le 1$ satisfies the relation $g\{g(x)\} = g(x)$.

2017 Estonia Team Selection Test, 11

Tags: number theory , polynomial , functional equation , sum of digits

For any positive integer $k$, denote the sum of digits of $k$ in its decimal representation by $S(k)$. Find all polynomials $P(x)$ with integer coefficients such that for any positive integer $n \geq 2016$, the integer $P(n)$ is positive and $$S(P(n)) = P(S(n)).$$ [i]Proposed by Warut Suksompong, Thailand[/i]

2020 Azerbaijan IZHO TST, 3

Tags: algebra , functional equation

Find all functions $u:R\rightarrow{R}$ for which there exists a strictly monotonic function $f:R\rightarrow{R}$ such that $f(x+y)=f(x)u(y)+f(y)$ for all $x,y\in{\mathbb{R}}$

2007 District Olympiad, 3

Tags: function , algebra , number theory , functional equation

Find all functions $ f:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow\mathbb{N} $ that satisfy the following relation: $$ f(x)^2+y\vdots x^2+f(y) ,\quad\forall x,y\in\mathbb{N} . $$

2015 Saudi Arabia BMO TST, 1

Tags: algebra , functional equation , functional , function , increasing

Find all strictly increasing functions $f : Z \to R$ such that for any $m, n \in Z$ there exists a $k \in Z$ such that $f(k) = f(m) - f(n)$. Nguyễn Duy Thái Sơn

2020 Korea - Final Round, P3

Tags: algebra , functional equation

Find all $f: \mathbb{Q}_{+} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that \[ f(x)+f(y)+f(z)=1 \] holds for every positive rationals $x, y, z$ satisfying $x+y+z+1=4xyz$.

1947 Putnam, A2

Tags: function , algebra , functional equation

A real valued continuous function $f$ satisfies for all real $x$ and $y$ the functional equation $$ f(\sqrt{x^2 +y^2 })= f(x)f(y).$$ Prove that $$f(x) =f(1)^{x^{2}}.$$

2000 Brazil Team Selection Test, Problem 2

Tags: functional equation , fe

Find all functions $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ such that (i) $f(0)=1$; (ii) $f(x+f(y))=f(x+y)+1$ for all real $x,y$; (iii) there is a rational non-integer $x_0$ such that $f(x_0)$ is an integer.

1982 IMO, 1

Tags: function , algebra , functional equation

The function $f(n)$ is defined on the positive integers and takes non-negative integer values. $f(2)=0,f(3)>0,f(9999)=3333$ and for all $m,n:$ \[ f(m+n)-f(m)-f(n)=0 \text{ or } 1. \] Determine $f(1982)$.

2008 Peru IMO TST, 2

Tags: functional equation , algebra

Determine all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $$ f(2f(x) + y) = f(f(x) - f(y)) + 2y + x, $$ for all $x,y \in \mathbb{R}.$

1992 IMO Shortlist, 12

Tags: algebra , number theory , polynomial , functional equation

Let $ f, g$ and $ a$ be polynomials with real coefficients, $ f$ and $ g$ in one variable and $ a$ in two variables. Suppose \[ f(x) \minus{} f(y) \equal{} a(x, y)(g(x) \minus{} g(y)) \forall x,y \in \mathbb{R}\] Prove that there exists a polynomial $ h$ with $ f(x) \equal{} h(g(x)) \text{ } \forall x \in \mathbb{R}.$

2021 EGMO, 2

Tags: functional equation

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{Q}\to\mathbb{Q}$ such that the equation \[f(xf(x)+y) = f(y) + x^2\]holds for all rational numbers $x$ and $y$. Here, $\mathbb{Q}$ denotes the set of rational numbers.

1995 Singapore Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: functional equation , functional , algebra

Let $N =\{1, 2, 3, ...\}$ be the set of all natural numbers and $f : N\to N$ be a function. Suppose $f(1) = 1$, $f(2n) = f(n)$ and $f(2n + 1) = f(2n) + 1$ for all natural numbers $n$. (i) Calculate the maximum value $M$ of $f(n)$ for $n \in N$ with $1 \le n \le 1994$. (ii) Find all $n \in N$, with 1 \le n \le 1994, such that $f(n) = M$.

1994 Swedish Mathematical Competition, 6

Tags: number theory , functional , functional equation

Let $N$ be the set of non-negative integers. The function $f:N\to N$ satisfies $f(a+b) = f(f(a)+b)$ for all $a, b$ and $f(a+b) = f(a)+f(b)$ for $a+b < 10$. Also $f(10) = 1$. How many three digit numbers $n$ satisfy $f(n) = f(N)$, where $N$ is the "tower" $2, 3, 4, 5$, in other words, it is $2^a$, where $a = 3^b$, where $b = 4^5$?

1994 Austrian-Polish Competition, 8

Tags: functional equation , functional , algebra

Given real numbers $a, b$, find all functions $f: R \to R$ satisfying $f(x,y) = af (x,z) + bf(y,z)$ for all $x,y,z \in R$.