Find all prime numbers $p$ for which $\frac{2^{p-1} -1}{p}$ is a perfect square.

Is there positive integer $n$, such that $n+2$ divides $S=1^{2019}+2^{2019}+...+n^{2019}$

Given are positive integers $ n>1$ and $ a$ so that $ a>n^2$, and among the integers $ a\plus{}1, a\plus{}2, \ldots, a\plus{}n$ one can find a multiple of each of the numbers $ n^2\plus{}1, n^2\plus{}2, \ldots, n^2\plus{}n$. Prove that $ a>n^4\minus{}n^3$.

For a positive integer $n$, we dene $D_n$ as the largest integer that is a divisor of $a^n + (a + 1)^n + (a + 2)^n$ for all positive integers $a$. 1. Show that for all positive integers $n$, the number $D_n$ is of the form $3^k$ with $k \ge 0$ an integer. 2. Show that for all integers $k \ge 0$ there exists a positive integer n such that $D_n = 3^k$.

Find the number of pairs $(n, q)$, where $n$ is a positive integer and $q$ a non-integer rational number with $0 < q < 2000$, that satisfy $\{q^2\}=\left\{\frac{n!}{2000}\right\}$

p1. Two integers $m$ and $n$ are said to be [i]coprime [/i] if there are integers $a$ and $ b$ such that $am + bn = 1$. Show that for each integer $p$, the pair of numbers formed by $21p + 4$ and $14p + 3$ are always coprime. p2. Two farmers, Person $A$ and Person $B$ intend to change the boundaries of their land so that it becomes like a straight line, not curvy as in image below. They do not want the area of ​​their origin to be reduced. Try define the boundary line they should agree on, and explain why the new boundary does not reduce the area of ​​their respective origins. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/4/d/ec771d15716365991487f3705f62e4566d0e41.png[/img] p3. The system of equations of four variables is given: $\left\{\begin{array}{l} 23x + 47y - 3z = 434 \\ 47x - 23y - 4w = 183 \\ 19z + 17w = 91 \end{array} \right. $ where $x, y, z$, and $w$ are positive integers. Determine the value of $(13x - 14y)^3 - (15z + 16w)^3$ p4. A person drives a motorized vehicle so that the material used fuel is obtained at the following graph. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/6/f/58e9f210fafe18bfb2d9a3f78d90ff50a847b2.png[/img] Initially the vehicle contains $ 3$ liters of fuel. After two hours, in the journey of fuel remains $ 1$ liter. a. If in $ 1$ liter he can cover a distance of $32$ km, what is the distance taken as a whole? Explain why you answered like that? b. After two hours of travel, is there any acceleration or deceleration? Explain your answer. c. Determine what the average speed of the vehicle is. p5. Amir will make a painting of the circles, each circle to be filled with numbers. The circle's painting is arrangement follows the pattern below. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/8/2/533bed783440ea8621ef21d88a56cdcb337f30.png[/img] He made a rule that the bottom four circles would be filled with positive numbers less than $10$ that can be taken from the numbers on the date of his birth, i.e. $26 \,\, - \,\, 12 \,\, - \,\,1961$ without recurrence. Meanwhile, the circles above will be filled with numbers which is the product of the two numbers on the circles in underneath. a. In how many ways can he place the numbers from left to right, right on the bottom circles in order to get the largest value on the top circle? Explain. b. On another occasion, he planned to put all the numbers on the date of birth so that the number of the lowest circle now, should be as many as $8$ circles. He no longer cares whether the numbers are repeated or not . i. In order to get the smallest value in the top circle, how should the numbers be arranged? ii. How many arrays are worth considering to produce the smallest value?

Let $N$ be a positive integer; a divisor of $N$ is called [i]common[/i] if it's great than $1$ and different of $N$. A positive integer is called [i]special[/i] if it has, at least, two common divisors and it is multiple of all possible differences between any two of their common divisors. Find all special integers.

A positive integer is called [i]good[/i] if it can be written as a sum of two consecutive positive integers and as a sum of three consecutive positive integers. Prove that: a)2001 is [i]good[/i], but 3001 isn't [i]good[/i]. b)the product of two [i]good[/i] numbers is a [i]good[/i] number. c)if the product of two numbers is [i]good[/i], then at least one of the numbers is [i]good[/i]. [i]Bogdan Enescu[/i]

For positive integers $m,n,$ define $f(m,n)$ as the number of ordered triples $(x,y,z)$ of integers such that $$ \begin{cases} xyz=x+y+z+m, \\ \max\{|x|,|y|,|z|\} \leq n \end{cases} $$ Does there exist positive integers $m,n,$ such that $f(m,n)=2018?$ Please prove your conclusion.

Let $b>a\geq 2$ be positive integers. Prove that if number $a+k$ is coprime to number $b+k$, for all $k=1,2,...,b-a$, then $a,b$ are consecutive numbers

Let $p\geq 3$ be a prime number and $0\leq r\leq p-3.$ Let $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{p-1+r}$ be integers satisfying \[\sum_{i=1}^{p-1+r}x_i^k\equiv r \bmod{p}\]for all $1\leq k\leq p-2.$ What are the possible remainders of numbers $x_2,x_2,\ldots,x_{p-1+r}$ modulo $p?$ [i]Proposed by Dávid Matolcsi, Budapest[/i]

On Cartesian plane, given a line defined by $y=x+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$. a) Prove that every circle has center $I\in d$ and radius is $\frac{1}{8}$ has no integral point inside. b) Find the greatest $k>0$ such that the distance of every integral points to $d$ is greater or equal than $k$.

Prove that for any n natural, the number \[ \sum \limits_{k=0}^{n} \binom{2n+1}{2k+1} 2^{3k} \] cannot be divided by $5$.

Determine the number of pairs of positive integers \( (p, k) \) such that \( p \) is a prime number and \( p^2 + 2^k \) is a perfect square less than 2023. A number is called a perfect square if it is the square of an integer.

Prove that for equation $$x^{2015} + y^{2015} = z^{2016}$$ there are infinitely many solutions where $x,y$ and $z$ are different natural numbers.

Let $ m,\ n \geq 3$ be positive odd integers. Prove that $ 2^{m}\minus{}1$ doesn't divide $ 3^{n}\minus{}1$.

Find all natural numbers $n, k$ such that $$ 2^n – 5^k = 7. $$

Find the smallest number \(n\) such that any set of \(n\) ponts in a Cartesian plan, all of them with integer coordinates, contains two poitns such that the square of its mutual distance is a multiple of \(2016\).

Suppose that $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers with $A = \tfrac mn$, where \[ A = \frac{2+4+6+\dots+2014}{1+3+5+\dots+2013} - \frac{1+3+5+\dots+2013}{2+4+6+\dots+2014}. \] Find $m$. In other words, find the numerator of $A$ when $A$ is written as a fraction in simplest form. [i]Proposed by Evan Chen[/i]

Find the smallest positive integer that is equal to the sum of the product of its digits and the sum of its digits.

Prove that if $\frac{2^n- 2}{n} $ is an integer, then so is $\frac{2^{2^n-1}-2}{2^n - 1}$ .

Prove that for every natural number $k$ ($k \geq 2$) there exists an irrational number $r$ such that for every natural number $m$, \[[r^m] \equiv -1 \pmod k .\] [i]Remark.[/i] An easier variant: Find $r$ as a root of a polynomial of second degree with integer coefficients. [i]Proposed by Yugoslavia.[/i]

Find all natural numbers $x$ and $y$ such that $x^y-y^x=1$ .

Prove that for every integer $n > 1$ there exist integers $x$ and $y$ such that $$\frac{1}{n}=\frac{1}{x(x+1)}+\frac{1}{(x+1)(x+2)}+...+\frac{1}{y(y+1)}.$$

Let $ABCDE$ be a pentagon inscribed in a circle such that $AB=CD=3$, $BC=DE=10$, and $AE=14$. The sum of the lengths of all diagonals of $ABCDE$ is equal to $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. What is $m+n$? $\textbf{(A) }129\qquad \textbf{(B) }247\qquad \textbf{(C) }353\qquad \textbf{(D) }391\qquad \textbf{(E) }421\qquad$