This website contains problems from math contests. Problems and corresponding tags were obtained from the Art of Problem Solving website.

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Found problems: 15460

2022 Mexican Girls' Contest, 6
Tags: number theory , composite number , integer
Let $a$ and $b$ be positive integers such that $$\frac{5a^4+a^2}{b^4+3b^2+4}$$ is an integer. Prove that $a$ is not a prime number.

2013 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 4
Tags: number theory , tsts
Find all integers $n \ge 2$ with the property: there is a permutation $(a_1,a2,..., a_n)$ of the set $\{1, 2,...,n\}$ so that the numbers $a_1 + a_2 +...+ a_k, k = 1, 2,...,n$ have diffferent remainders when divided by $n$

2024 USAMTS Problems, 5
Tags: number theory
Find all ordered triples of nonnegative integers $(a,b,c)$ satisfying $2^a \cdot 5^b - 3^c = 1.$

2022 Malaysia IMONST 2, 6
Tags: number theory , algebra , combinatorics
A football league has $n$ teams. Each team plays one game with every other team. Each win is awarded $2$ points, each tie $1$ point, and each loss $0$ points. After the league is over, the following statement is true: for every subset $S$ of teams in the league, there is a team (which may or may not be in $S$) such that the total points the team obtained by playing all the teams in $S$ is odd. Prove that $n$ is even.

2016 Indonesia MO, 2
Tags: number theory , diophantine equation
Determine all triples of natural numbers $(a,b, c)$ with $b> 1$ such that $2^c + 2^{2016} = a^b$.

2003 Chile National Olympiad, 4
Tags: number theory
Juan did not like the criticism of his classmates published in his school newspaper. He found nothing better than to start ripping up the diary. First he tore it into $4$ parts and then he continued to break it in a very methodical way: namely, each piece of newspaper he found he would tear it back into $4$ or $10$ pieces randomly. Breaking this way, was he able to get exactly $2003$ pieces of the diary?

2013 NZMOC Camp Selection Problems, 12
Tags: number theory , inequalities , prime divisor , divisor , prime
For a positive integer $n$, let $p(n)$ denote the largest prime divisor of $n$. Show that there exist infinitely many positive integers m such that $p(m-1) < p(m) < p(m + 1)$.

2010 Contests, 1
Tags: number theory , modular arithmetic
Suppose that $m$ and $k$ are non-negative integers, and $p = 2^{2^m}+1$ is a prime number. Prove that [b](a)[/b] $2^{2^{m+1}p^k} \equiv 1$ $(\text{mod } p^{k+1})$; [b](b)[/b] $2^{m+1}p^k$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ satisfying the congruence equation $2^n \equiv 1$ $(\text{mod } p^{k+1})$.

2002 IMO, 4
Tags: inequalities , number theory , divisor
Let $n\geq2$ be a positive integer, with divisors $1=d_1<d_2<\,\ldots<d_k=n$. Prove that $d_1d_2+d_2d_3+\,\ldots\,+d_{k-1}d_k$ is always less than $n^2$, and determine when it is a divisor of $n^2$.

1984 IMO Longlists, 57
Tags: number theory , probability , combinatorics
Let $a, b, c, d$ be a permutation of the numbers $1, 9, 8,4$ and let $n = (10a + b)^{10c+d}$. Find the probability that $1984!$ is divisible by $n.$

2017 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 4
Tags: square , cube , number theory
We call a positive integer [i]heinersch[/i] if it can be written as the sum of a positive square and positive cube. Prove: There are infinitely many heinersch numbers $h$, such that $h-1$ and $h+1$ are also heinersch.

2006 Austria Beginners' Competition, 1
Tags: number theory , divisible
Do integers $a, b$ exist such that $a^{2006} + b^{2006} + 1$ is divisible by $2006^2$?

2018 IFYM, Sozopol, 1
Tags: prime number , number theory
Find all prime numbers $p$ and all positive integers $n$, such that $n^8 - n^2 = p^5 + p^2$

2016 Korea Winter Program Practice Test, 1
Tags: number theory , algebra , integer sequence
Find all $\{a_n\}_{n\ge 0}$ that satisfies the following conditions. (1) $a_n\in \mathbb{Z}$ (2) $a_0=0, a_1=1$ (3) For infinitly many $m$, $a_m=m$ (4) For every $n\ge2$, $\{2a_i-a_{i-1} | i=1, 2, 3, \cdots , n\}\equiv \{0, 1, 2, \cdots , n-1\}$ $\mod n$

2020 Spain Mathematical Olympiad, 6
Tags: number theory , difference of squares , analytic number theory
Let $S$ be a finite set of integers. We define $d_2(S)$ and $d_3(S)$ as: $\bullet$ $d_2(S)$ is the number of elements $a \in S$ such that there exist $x, y \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $x^2-y^2 = a$ $\bullet$ $d_3(S)$ is the number of elements $a \in S$ such that there exist $x, y \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $x^3-y^3 = a$ (a) Let $m$ be an integer and $S = \{m, m+1, \ldots, m+2019\}$. Prove: $$d_2(S) > \frac{13}{7} d_3(S)$$ (b) Let $S_n = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ with $n$ a positive integer. Prove that there exists a $N$ so that for all $n > N$: $$ d_2(S_n) > 4 \cdot d_3(S_n) $$

2015 Chile National Olympiad, 4
Tags: floor function , algebra , number theory , combinatorics
Find the number of different numbers of the form $\left\lfloor\frac{i^2}{2015} \right\rfloor$, with $i = 1,2, ..., 2015$.

1984 IMO Longlists, 37
Tags: number theory
$(MOR 1)$ Denote by $[x]$ the greatest integer not exceeding $x$. For all real $k > 1$, define two sequences: \[a_n(k) = [nk]\text{ and } b_n(k) =\left[\frac{nk}{k - 1}\right]\] If $A(k) = \{a_n(k) : n \in\mathbb{N}\}$ and $B(k) = \{b_n(k) : n \in \mathbb{N}\}$, prove that $A(k)$ and $B(k)$ form a partition of $\mathbb{N}$ if and only if $k$ is irrational.

2012 ELMO Shortlist, 2
Tags: relatively prime , function , number theory
For positive rational $x$, if $x$ is written in the form $p/q$ with $p, q$ positive relatively prime integers, define $f(x)=p+q$. For example, $f(1)=2$. a) Prove that if $f(x)=f(mx/n)$ for rational $x$ and positive integers $m, n$, then $f(x)$ divides $|m-n|$. b) Let $n$ be a positive integer. If all $x$ which satisfy $f(x)=f(2^nx)$ also satisfy $f(x)=2^n-1$, find all possible values of $n$. [i]Anderson Wang.[/i]

2022 CMIMC, 2.3 1.1
Tags: algebra , number theory
How many 4-digit numbers have exactly $9$ divisors from the set $\{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$? [i]Proposed by Ethan Gu[/i]

2014 NIMO Problems, 4
Tags: relatively prime , number theory , probability
A black bishop and a white king are placed randomly on a $2000 \times 2000$ chessboard (in distinct squares). Let $p$ be the probability that the bishop attacks the king (that is, the bishop and king lie on some common diagonal of the board). Then $p$ can be expressed in the form $\tfrac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Compute $m$. [i]Proposed by Ahaan Rungta[/i]

1947 Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 137
Tags: number theory , combinatorics , divisible
a) $101$ numbers are selected from the set $1, 2, . . . , 200$. Prove that among the numbers selected there is a pair in which one number is divisible by the other. b) One number less than $16$, and $99$ other numbers are selected from the set $1, 2, . . . , 200$. Prove that among the selected numbers there are two such that one divides the other.

1993 Tournament Of Towns, (387) 5
Tags: number theory , sum of digits
Let $S(n)$ denote the sum of digits of $n$ (in decimal representation). Do there exist three different natural numbers $n$, $p$ and $q$ such that $$n +S(n) = p + S(p) = q + S(q)?$$ (M Gerver)

2022 Poland - Second Round, 3
Tags: number theory , prime number , modular congruences , divisibility
Positive integers $a,b,c$ satisfying the equation $$a^3+4b+c = abc,$$ where $a \geq c$ and the number $p = a^2+2a+2$ is a prime. Prove that $p$ divides $a+2b+2$.

2015 District Olympiad, 3
Tags: number theory
Let $ m, n $ natural numbers with $ m\ge 2,n\ge 3. $ Prove that there exist $ m $ distinct multiples of $ n-1, $ namely, $ a_1,a_2,a_3,...,a_m, $ such that: $$ \frac{1}{n} =\sum_{i=1}^m \frac{(-1)^{i-1}}{a_i} . $$

2005 Purple Comet Problems, 20
Tags: relatively prime , number theory , ratio
The summation $\sum_{k=1}^{360} \frac{1}{k \sqrt{k+1} + (k+1)\sqrt{k}}$ is the ratio of two relatively prime positive integers $m$ and $n$. Find $m + n$.