Found problems: 38
The periods of two periodic sequences are coprime (i.e. relatively prime) numbers $m$ and $n$.. What is the maximal length of initial sections of the two sequences which can coincide? (The period $p$ of a sequence $a_1$,$a_2$, $...$ is the minimal $p$ such that $a_n = a_{n+p}$ for all $n$.)
(AY Belov)
Let's call a function $f : R \to R$ [i]cool[/i] if there are real numbers $a$ and $b$ such that $f(x + a)$ is an even function and $f(x + b)$ is an odd function.
(a) Prove that every cool function is periodic.
(b) Give an example of a periodic function that is not cool.
A number $N_k$ is defined as [i]periodic[/i] if it is composed in number base $N$ of a repeated $k$ times . Prove that $7$ divides to infinite periodic numbers of the set $N_1, N_2, N_3,...$
Let $(a_n)_{n\ge1}$ be a sequence given by
\begin{align*}
a_1 &= 1, \\
a_{2^k+j} &= -a_j\text{ for any } k\ge0,1\le j\le 2^k.
\end{align*}
Show that the sequence is not periodic.
An $n$-tuple $(a_1, a_2 . . . , a_n)$ is [i]occasionally periodic[/i] if there exist a non-negative integer $i$ and a positive integer $p$ satisfying $i + 2p \le n$ and $a_{i+j} = a_{i+j+p}$ for every $j = 1, 2, . . . , p$. Let $k$ be a positive integer. Find the least positive integer $n$ for which there exists an $n$-tuple $(a_1, a_2 . . . , a_n)$ with elements from the set $\{1, 2, . . . , k\}$, which is not occasionally periodic but whose arbitrary extension $(a_1, a_2, . . . , a_n, a_{n+1})$ is occasionally periodic for any $a_{n+1} \in \{1, 2, . . . , k\}$.
Consider a sequence of numbers between $0$ and $1$ in which the next number after $x$ is $1 - |1 - 2x|$. ($|x| = x$ if$ x \ge 0$, $|x| = -x$ if $x < 0$.) Prove that
(a) if the first number of the sequence is rational, then the sequence will be periodic (i.e. the terms repeat with a certain cycle length after a certain term in the sequence);
(b) if the sequence is periodic, then the first number is rational.
(G Shabat)
A function $f : R -\{0\} \to R$ has the following properties:
(i) $f(x)- f(y) = f(x)f\left(\frac{1}{y}\right)- f(y)f\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)$ for all $x,y \ne 0$,
(ii) $f$ takes the value $\frac12$ at least once.
Determine $f(-1)$.
Prove that $f$ is a periodic function
Let $k$ be a positive integer and $r_n$ be the remainder when ${2 n} \choose {n}$ is divided by $k$.
Find all $k$ for which the sequence $(r_n)_{n=1}^{\infty}$ is eventually periodic.
Prove that the fraction $0.123456789101112...$ is not periodic.
If for function $f$ holds that $$f(x)+f(x+1)+f(x+2)+...+f(x+1986)=0$$ for any $\in\mathbb{R}$, prove that $f$ is periodic and find one period of her.
Given an infinite sequence of numbers $a_1, a_2, a_3, ...$ such that for each positive integer $k$, there exists positive integer $t$ for which $a_k = a_{k+t} = a_{k+2t} = ....$ Does this sequences must be periodic?
Let $p_n$ be a bounded sequence of integers which satisfies the recursion
$$p_n =\frac{p_{n-1} +p_{n-2} + p_{n-3}p _{n-4}}{p_{n-1} p_{n-2}+ p_{n-3} +p_{n-4}}.$$
Show that the sequence eventually becomes periodic.
A polynomial with rational coefficients is called [i]integer[/i], if it takes integer values for all integer values of the variable. For an integer polynomial $P$, consider the sequence $(-1)^{P(1)},(-1)^{P(2)},(-1)^{P(3)},...$
a) Prove that this sequence is periodic, the period of which is some power of two (i.e. for some integer $k$ and for all natural $i$, the $i$-th and ($i+2^k$)th members of the sequence are equal).
b) Prove that for any periodic sequence consisting of $(- 1)$ and $ 1$ and with a period of some power of two, there exists a integer, polynomial P for which this sequence is $(-1)^{P(1)},(-1)^{P(2)},(-1)^{P(3)},...$
Let $a_1$, $a_2$, $ ...$ be a sequence of numbers, each either $1$ or $-1$. Show that if
$$\frac{a_1}{3}+\frac{a_2}{3^2} + ... =\frac{p}{q}$$ for integers $p$ and $q$ such that $3$ does not divide $q$, then the sequence $a_1$, $a_2$, $ ...$ is periodic; that is, there is some positive integer $n$ such that $a_i = a_{n+i}$ for $i = 1$, $2$,$...$.
Let $ f:\mathbb{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} $ be a countinuous and periodic function, of period $ T. $ If $ F $ is a primitive of $ f, $ show that:
[b]a)[/b] the function $ G:\mathbb{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}, G(x)=F(x)-\frac{x}{T}\int_0^T f(t)dt $ is periodic.
[b]b)[/b] $ \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{i=1}^n\frac{F(i)}{n^2+i^2} =\frac{\ln 2}{2T}\int_0^T f(x)dx. $
Let $A$ be the set of positive real numbers less than $1$ that have a periodic decimal expansion with a period of ten different digits. Find a positive integer $n$ greater than $1$ and less than $10^{10}$ such that $na-a$ is a positive integer for all $a$. of set $A$.
Suppose that the function $f: Z \to Z$ can be written in the form $f = g_1+...+g_k$ , where $g_1,. . . , g_k: Z \to R$ are real-valued periodic functions, with period $a_1,...,a_k$. Does it follow that f can be written in the form $f = h_1 +. . + h_k$ , where $h_1,. . . , h_k: Z \to Z$ are periodic functions with integer values, also with period $a_1,...,a_k$?
Let a real function $f$ defined on the real numbers satisfy the following conditions:
(i) $f(10+x) = f(10- x)$
(ii) $f(20+x) = - f(20- x)$
for all $x$. Prove that f is odd and periodic.
Do there exist functions $f : R \to R$ and $g : R \to R$, $g$ being periodic, such that $$x^3= f(\lfloor x \rfloor ) + g(x)$$
for all real $x$ ?
Prove that the sequence of the first digits of the numbers in the form $2^n+3^n$ is nonperiodic.
5. Let $f : R \to R$ be a function that satisfies for all $x \in R$
(i) $| f(x)| \le 1$, and
(ii) $f\left(x+\frac{13}{42}\right)+ f(x) = f\left(x+\frac{1}{6}\right)+f\left(x+\frac{1}{7}\right)$
Prove that $f$ is a periodic function
Determine all values of $a_0$ for which the sequence of real numbers with $a_{n+1}=3a_n - 4a_n^3$ for all $n\geq 0$ is periodic from the beginning.
Is there an infinite periodic sequence consisting of the letters $a$ and$ b$, such that if all letters are replaced simultaneously $a$ to $aba$ and letters $b$ to $bba$ does it transform into itself (possibly with a shift)? (A sequence is called periodic if there is such natural number $n$, which for every $i = 1, 2, . . . i$-th member of this sequence is equal to the ($i + n$)- th.)
Given a sequence $\{x_k\}$ such that $x_1 = 1$, $x_{n+1} = n \sin x_n+ 1$. Prove that the sequence is non-periodic.
Consider two functions $f , \,g \,:\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that from some $a>0$ holds $g(x)=f(x+a)$ for any $x \in \mathbb{R}$. If $f$ is even and $g$ is odd, prove that both functions are periodic.