Olympiad problems

2006 Thailand Mathematical Olympiad, 9

Compute the largest integer not exceeding $$\frac{2549^3}{2547\cdot 2548} -\frac{2547^3}{2548\cdot 2549}$$

2021 Putnam, B4

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Let $F_0,F_1,\dots$ be the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, with $F_0=0,F_1=1$, and $F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n \ge 2$. For $m>2$, let $R_m$ be the remainder when the product $\prod_{k=1}^{F_m-1} k^k$ is divided by $F_m$. Prove that $R_m$ is also a Fibonacci number.

2016 Brazil Team Selection Test, 5

Tags: function , functional equation , algebra

Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{R}^+$ such that $$(z + 1)f(x + y) = f(xf(z) + y) + f(yf(z) + x),$$ for all positive real numbers $x, y, z$. [i]Fajar Yuliawan, Indonesia[/i]

1989 Putnam, A4

Tags: probability , probability and stats

Is there a gambling game with an honest coin for two players, in which the probability of one of them winning is $\frac{1}{{\pi}^e}$.

2010 District Olympiad, 3

Tags: function , inequalities , real analysis

Let $ f: \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ a strictly increasing function such that $ f\circ f$ is continuos. Prove that $ f$ is continuos.

2009 AMC 12/AHSME, 15

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Assume $ 0 < r < 3$. Below are five equations for $ x$. Which equation has the largest solution $ x$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 3(1 \plus{} r)^x \equal{} 7\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 3(1 \plus{} r/10)^x \equal{} 7\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 3(1 \plus{} 2r)^x \equal{} 7$ $ \textbf{(D)}\ 3(1 \plus{} \sqrt {r})^x \equal{} 7\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 3(1 \plus{} 1/r)^x \equal{} 7$

KoMaL A Problems 2020/2021, A. 798

Tags: combinatorics , probability , expected value

Let $0<p<1$ be given. Initially, we have $n$ coins, all of which have probability $p$ of landing on heads, and probability $1-p$ of landing on tails (the results of the tosses are independent of each other). In each round, we toss our coins and remove those that result in heads. We keep repeating this until all our coins are removed. Let $k_n$ denote the expected number of rounds that are needed to get rid of all the coins. Prove that there exists $c>0$ for which the following inequality holds for all $n>0$ \[c\bigg(1+\frac{1}{2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}\bigg)<k_n<1+c\bigg(1+\frac{1}{2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}\bigg).\]

1976 IMO Longlists, 20

Tags: inequalities , induction , number theory

Let $(a_n), n = 0, 1, . . .,$ be a sequence of real numbers such that $a_0 = 0$ and \[a^3_{n+1} = \frac{1}{2} a^2_n -1, n= 0, 1,\cdots\] Prove that there exists a positive number $q, q < 1$, such that for all $n = 1, 2, \ldots ,$ \[|a_{n+1} - a_n| \leq q|a_n - a_{n-1}|,\] and give one such $q$ explicitly.

2003 Iran MO (3rd Round), 24

Tags: circumcircle , geometry

$ A,B$ are fixed points. Variable line $ l$ passes through the fixed point $ C$. There are two circles passing through $ A,B$ and tangent to $ l$ at $ M,N$. Prove that circumcircle of $ AMN$ passes through a fixed point.

2017 Iran MO (3rd round), 3

Tags: combinatorics

$30$ volleyball teams have participated in a league. Any two teams have played a match with each other exactly once. At the end of the league, a match is called [b]unusual[/b] if at the end of the league, the winner of the match have a smaller amount of wins than the loser of the match. A team is called [b]astonishing[/b] if all its matches are [b]unusual[/b] matches. Find the maximum number of [b]astonishing[/b] teams.

2009 Tuymaada Olympiad, 2

Tags: combinatorics

An arrangement of chips in the squares of $ n\times n$ table is called [i]sparse[/i] if every $ 2\times 2$ square contains at most 3 chips. Serge put chips in some squares of the table (one in a square) and obtained a sparse arrangement. He noted however that if any chip is moved to any free square then the arrangement is no more sparce. For what $ n$ is this possible? [i]Proposed by S. Berlov[/i]

1969 IMO Longlists, 24

Tags: algebra , polynomial , number theory , divisibility

$(GBR 1)$ The polynomial $P(x) = a_0x^k + a_1x^{k-1} + \cdots + a_k$, where $a_0,\cdots, a_k$ are integers, is said to be divisible by an integer $m$ if $P(x)$ is a multiple of $m$ for every integral value of $x$. Show that if $P(x)$ is divisible by $m$, then $a_0 \cdot k!$ is a multiple of $m$. Also prove that if $a, k,m$ are positive integers such that $ak!$ is a multiple of $m$, then a polynomial $P(x)$ with leading term $ax^k$can be found that is divisible by $m.$

LMT Speed Rounds, 2010.14

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On the team round, an LMT team of six students wishes to divide itself into two distinct groups of three, one group to work on part $1,$ and one group to work on part $2.$ In addition, a captain of each group is designated. In how many ways can this be done?

2013 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 2

Tags: geometry

Let in triangle $ABC$ incircle touches sides $AB,BC,CA$ at $C_1,A_1,B_1$ respectively. Let $\frac {2}{CA_1}=\frac {1}{BC_1}+\frac {1}{AC_1}$ .Prove that if $X$ is intersection of incircle and $CC_1$ then $3CX=CC_1$

2017 Ukrainian Geometry Olympiad, 4

Tags: geometry , parallelogram , circumcircle , circumcenter , right angle

Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram and $P$ be an arbitrary point of the circumcircle of $\Delta ABD$, different from the vertices. Line $PA$ intersects the line $CD$ at point $Q$. Let $O$ be the center of the circumcircle $\Delta PCQ$. Prove that $\angle ADO = 90^o$.

2016 Saudi Arabia GMO TST, 2

Tags: algebra , polynomial

Let $a, b$ be given two real number with $a \ne 0$. Find all polynomials $P$ with real coefficients such that $x P(x - a) = (x - b)P(x)$ for all $x\in R$

2012 NIMO Summer Contest, 3

Tags: factorial

Let \[ S = \sum_{i = 1}^{2012} i!. \] The tens and units digits of $S$ (in decimal notation) are $a$ and $b$, respectively. Compute $10a + b$. [i]Proposed by Lewis Chen[/i]

2018 China Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: geometry

Circle $\omega$ is tangent to sides $AB$,$AC$ of triangle $ABC$ at $D$,$E$ respectively, such that $D\neq B$, $E\neq C$ and $BD+CE<BC$. $F$,$G$ lies on $BC$ such that $BF=BD$, $CG=CE$. Let $DG$ and $EF$ meet at $K$. $L$ lies on minor arc $DE$ of $\omega$, such that the tangent of $L$ to $\omega$ is parallel to $BC$. Prove that the incenter of $\triangle ABC$ lies on $KL$.

1993 IMO Shortlist, 7

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , quadrilateral , area

Let $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$ be four points in the plane, with $C$ and $D$ on the same side of the line $AB$, such that $AC \cdot BD = AD \cdot BC$ and $\angle ADB = 90^{\circ}+\angle ACB$. Find the ratio \[\frac{AB \cdot CD}{AC \cdot BD}, \] and prove that the circumcircles of the triangles $ACD$ and $BCD$ are orthogonal. (Intersecting circles are said to be orthogonal if at either common point their tangents are perpendicuar. Thus, proving that the circumcircles of the triangles $ACD$ and $BCD$ are orthogonal is equivalent to proving that the tangents to the circumcircles of the triangles $ACD$ and $BCD$ at the point $C$ are perpendicular.)

2000 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 1

Tags: modular arithmetic , number theory

Solve in natural the equation $9^x-3^x=y^4+2y^3+y^2+2y$ _____________________________ Azerbaijan Land of the Fire :lol:

2010 Danube Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: induction , geometry , perimeter , combinatorics

All sides and diagonals of a convex $n$-gon, $n\ge 3$, are coloured one of two colours. Show that there exist $\left[\frac{n+1}{3}\right]$ pairwise disjoint monochromatic segments. [i](Two segments are disjoint if they do not share an endpoint or an interior point).[/i]

2020 BMT Fall, 5

Tags: number theory

Call a positive integer [i]prime-simple[/i] if it can be expressed as the sum of the squares of two distinct prime numbers. How many positive integers less than or equal to $100$ are prime-simple?

ICMC 2, 5

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For continuously differentiable function $f : [0, 1] \to\mathbb{R}$ with $f (1/2) = 0$, show that \[\left(\int_0^1 f(x)\mathrm{d}x\right)^2\leq \frac{1}{4}\int_0^1\left(f'(x)\right)^2\mathrm{d}x\]

2016 AMC 8, 9

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What is the sum of the distinct prime integer divisors of $2016$? $\textbf{(A) }9\qquad\textbf{(B) }12\qquad\textbf{(C) }16\qquad\textbf{(D) }49\qquad \textbf{(E) }63$

2012 Sharygin Geometry Olympiad, 5

Tags: angle chasing , isosceles , right triangle , geometry

Let $ABC$ be an isosceles right-angled triangle. Point $D$ is chosen on the prolongation of the hypothenuse $AB$ beyond point $A$ so that $AB = 2AD$. Points $M$ and $N$ on side $AC$ satisfy the relation $AM = NC$. Point $K$ is chosen on the prolongation of $CB$ beyond point $B$ so that $CN = BK$. Determine the angle between lines $NK$ and $DM$. (M.Kungozhin)