Olympiad problems

2006 Iran MO (3rd Round), 1

Let $A$ be a family of subsets of $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ such that no member of $A$ is contained in another. Sperner’s Theorem states that $|A|\leq{n\choose{\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor}}$. Find all the families for which the equality holds.

2006 Moldova Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: circumcircle , trigonometry , inequalities , incenter , geometry

Let the point $P$ in the interior of the triangle $ABC$. $(AP, (BP, (CP$ intersect the circumcircle of $ABC$ at $A_{1}, B_{1}, C_{1}$. Prove that the maximal value of the sum of the areas $A_{1}BC$, $B_{1}AC$, $C_{1}AB$ is $p(R-r)$, where $p, r, R$ are the usual notations for the triangle $ABC$.

2005 Cuba MO, 2

Tags: algebra , trinomial , inequalities

Determine the quadratic functions $f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$ for which there exists an interval $(h, k)$ such that for all $x \in (h, k)$ it holds that $f(x)f(x + 1) < 0$ and $f(x)f(x -1) < 0$.

1999 Niels Henrik Abels Math Contest (Norwegian Math Olympiad) Round 2, 5

Tags: inequalities

Find the smallest positive integer $ u$ such that there exists only one positive integer $ a$ and satisfies the inequality \[ 20u < 19a < 21u \ \text{?} \]

2019 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Romania, 2

Tags: algebra , inequalities

Find the maximum value of: $E(a,b)=\frac{a+b}{(4a^2+3)(4b^2+3)}$ For $a,b$ real numbers.

2017 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1

Tags: sequence , recurrence relation , algebra , inequalities

The infinite sequence $a_0, a_1, a_2, a_3,... $ is defined by $a_0 = 2$ and $$a_n =\frac{2a_{n-1} + 1}{a_{n-1} + 2}$$ , $n = 1, 2, 3, ...$ Prove that $1 < a_n < 1 + \frac{1}{3^n}$ for all $n = 1, 2, 3, . .$

2001 National High School Mathematics League, 2

Tags: inequalities

If $x_i\geq0(i=1,2,\cdots,n)$, and $$\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2 + 2\sum_{1 \leq k < j \leq n} \sqrt{\frac{k}{j}}x_kx_j = 1.$$ Find the maximum and minumum value of $\sum_{i=1}^n x_i$.

2010 N.N. Mihăileanu Individual, 1

Tags: integration , calculus , inequalities , lipschitz , integral inequalities , definite integral , real analysis

Let $ m:[0,1]\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} $ be a metric map. [b]a)[/b] Prove that $ -\text{identity} +m $ is continuous and nonincreasing. [b]b)[/b] Show that $ \int_0^1\int_0^x (-t+m(t))dtdx=\int_0^1 (x-1)(x-m(x))dx. $ [b]c)[/b] Demonstrate that $ \int_0^1\int_0^x m(t)dtdx -\frac{1}{2}\int_0^1 m(x)dx\ge -\frac{1}{12} . $ [i]Gabriela Constantinescu[/i] and [i]Nelu Chichirim[/i]

1986 Federal Competition For Advanced Students, P2, 5

Tags: inequalities , geometry

Show that for every convex $ n$-gon $ ( n \ge 4)$, the arithmetic mean of the lengths of its sides is less than the arithmetic mean of the lengths of all its diagonals.

2009 Princeton University Math Competition, 7

Tags: trigonometry , inequalities , calculus , derivative

Find the maximal positive integer $n$, so that for any real number $x$ we have $\sin^{n}{x}+\cos^{n}{x} \geq \frac{1}{n}$.

2000 All-Russian Olympiad Regional Round, 11.5

Tags: algebra , inequalities

For non-negative numbers $x$ and $y$ not exceeding $1$, prove that $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+y^2}} \le \frac{2}{\sqrt{1 + xy}},$$

2007 Bulgaria Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: inequalities , combinatorics

Let $G$ is a graph and $x$ is a vertex of $G$. Define the transformation $\varphi_{x}$ over $G$ as deleting all incident edges with respect of $x$ and drawing the edges $xy$ such that $y\in G$ and $y$ is not connected with $x$ with edge in the beginning of the transformation. A graph $H$ is called $G-$[i]attainable[/i] if there exists a sequece of such transformations which transforms $G$ in $H.$ Let $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $4|n.$ Prove that for each graph $G$ with $4n$ vertices and $n$ edges there exists $G-$[i]attainable[/i] graph with at least $9n^{2}/4$ triangles.

2003 Iran MO (2nd round), 1

Tags: inequalities

Let $x,y,z\in\mathbb{R}$ and $xyz=-1$. Prove that: \[ x^4+y^4+z^4+3(x+y+z)\geq\frac{x^2}{y}+\frac{x^2}{z}+\frac{y^2}{x}+\frac{y^2}{z}+\frac{z^2}{x}+\frac{z^2}{y}. \]

2012 China Second Round Olympiad, 6

Tags: function , inequalities , algebra

Let $f(x)$ be an odd function on $\mathbb{R}$, such that $f(x)=x^2$ when $x\ge 0$. Knowing that for all $x\in [a,a+2]$, the inequality $f(x+a)\ge 2f(x)$ holds, find the range of real number $a$.

2022 Cyprus JBMO TST, 3

Tags: algebra , inequalities

If $x,y$ are real numbers with $x+y\geqslant 0$, determine the minimum value of the expression \[K=x^5+y^5-x^4y-xy^4+x^2+4x+7\] For which values of $x,y$ does $K$ take its minimum value?

2007 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: trigonometry , quadratic , function , inequalities

$ u,v,w > 0$,such that $ u \plus{} v \plus{} w \plus{} \sqrt {uvw} \equal{} 4$ prove that $ \sqrt {\frac {uv}{w}} \plus{} \sqrt {\frac {vw}{u}} \plus{} \sqrt {\frac {wu}{v}}\geq u \plus{} v \plus{} w$

2016 Romania National Olympiad, 3

Tags: function , calculus , integration , inequalities

Let be a real number $ a, $ and a nondecreasing function $ f:\mathbb{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} . $ Prove that $ f $ is continuous in $ a $ if and only if there exists a sequence $ \left( a_n \right)_{n\ge 1} $ of real positive numbers such that $$ \int_a^{a+a_n} f(x)dx+\int_a^{a-a_n} f(x)dx\le\frac{a_n}{n} , $$ for all natural numbers $ n. $ [i]Dan Marinescu[/i]

1969 AMC 12/AHSME, 14

Tags: quadratic , inequalities

The complete set of $x$-values satisfying the inequality $\dfrac{x^2-4}{x^2-1}>0$ is the set of all $x$ such that: $\textbf{(A) }x>2\text{ or }x<-2\text{ or }-1<x<1\qquad\, \textbf{(B) }x>2\text{ or }x<-2$ $\textbf{(C) }x>1\text{ or }x<-2\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \textbf{(D) }x>1\text{ or }x<-2\qquad$ $\textbf{(E) }x\text{ is any real number except }1\text{ or }-1$

2021 Kosovo National Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: inequalities , algebra

Let $a,b$ and $c$ be positive real numbers such that $a^5+b^5+c^5=ab^2+bc^2+ca^2$. Prove the inequality: $$\frac{a^2+b^2}{b}+\frac{b^2+c^2}{c}+\frac{c^2+a^2}{a}\geq 2(ab+bc+ca).$$

2006 China Team Selection Test, 2

Tags: function , cauchy inequality , inequalities

$x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots, x_{n}$ are positive numbers such that $\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}= 1$. Prove that \[\left( \sum_{i=1}^{n}\sqrt{x_{i}}\right) \left( \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x_{i}}}\right) \leq \frac{n^{2}}{\sqrt{n+1}}\]

2002 Iran Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: 3d geometry , sphere , inequalities , geometry

A "[i]2-line[/i]" is the area between two parallel lines. Length of "2-line" is distance of two parallel lines. We have covered unit circle with some "2-lines". Prove sum of lengths of "2-lines" is at least 2.

2010 Hong kong National Olympiad, 2

Tags: inequalities , combinatorics

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Find the number of sequences $x_{1},x_{2},\ldots x_{2n-1},x_{2n}$, where $x_{i}\in\{-1,1\}$ for each $i$, satisfying the following condition: for any integer $k$ and $m$ such that $1\le k\le m\le n$ then the following inequality holds \[\left|\sum_{i=2k-1}^{2m}x_{i}\right|\le\ 2\]

2002 Mongolian Mathematical Olympiad, Problem 5

Tags: inequalities , sequence

Let $a_0,a_1,\ldots$ be an infinite sequence of positive numbers. Prove that the inequality $1+a_n>\sqrt[n]2a_{n-1}$ holds for infinitely many positive integers $n$.

1986 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 436

Tags: trigonometry , inequalities

Prove that for every natural $n$ the following inequality is valid $$|\sin 1| + |\sin 2| + |\sin (3n-1)| + |\sin 3n| > \frac{8n}{5}$$

1995 IMO Shortlist, 4

Tags: inequalities , function , algebra , polynomial

Suppose that $ x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots$ are positive real numbers for which \[ x^n_n \equal{} \sum^{n\minus{}1}_{j\equal{}0} x^j_n\] for $ n \equal{} 1, 2, 3, \ldots$ Prove that $ \forall n,$ \[ 2 \minus{} \frac{1}{2^{n\minus{}1}} \leq x_n < 2 \minus{} \frac{1}{2^n}.\]