Olympiad problems

2021 All-Russian Olympiad, 7

Tags: number theory

Given are positive integers $n>20$ and $k>1$, such that $k^2$ divides $n$. Prove that there exist positive integers $a, b, c$, such that $n=ab+bc+ca$.

2017 Yasinsky Geometry Olympiad, 4

Tags: right triangle , median , angle bisector , area of a triangle , geometry

Median $AM$ and the angle bisector $CD$ of a right triangle $ABC$ ($\angle B=90^o$) intersect at the point $O$. Find the area of the triangle $ABC$ if $CO=9, OD=5$.

1970 Canada National Olympiad, 10

Tags: algebra , polynomial

Given the polynomial \[ f(x)=x^n+a_{1}x^{n-1}+a_{2}x^{n-2}+\cdots+a_{n-1}x+a_n \] with integer coefficients $a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n$, and given also that there exist four distinct integers $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$ such that \[ f(a)=f(b)=f(c)=f(d)=5, \] show that there is no integer $k$ such that $f(k)=8$.

2014 BMT Spring, 2

Tags: combinatorics

A mathematician is walking through a library with twenty-six shelves, one for each letter of the alphabet. As he walks, the mathematician will take at most one book off each shelf. He likes symmetry, so if the letter of a shelf has at least one line of symmetry (e.g., M works, L does not), he will pick a book with probability $\frac12$. Otherwise he has a $\frac14$ probability of taking a book. What is the expected number of books that the mathematician will take?

1983 AIME Problems, 10

Tags: palindrome

The numbers 1447, 1005, and 1231 have something in common: each is a four-digit number beginning with 1 that has exactly two identical digits. How many such numbers are there?

2012 VJIMC, Problem 3

Tags: ring theory , abstract algebra , group theory

Let $(A,+,\cdot)$ be a ring with unity, having the following property: for all $x\in A$ either $x^2=1$ or $x^n=0$ for some $n\in\mathbb N$. Show that $A$ is a commutative ring.

2009 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 432

Tags: calculus , integration , function , calculus computations , logarithm

Define the function $ f(t)\equal{}\int_0^1 (|e^x\minus{}t|\plus{}|e^{2x}\minus{}t|)dx$. Find the minimum value of $ f(t)$ for $ 1\leq t\leq e$.

1999 Czech and Slovak Match, 5

Tags: function , limit , algebra

Find all functions $f: (1,\infty)\text{to R}$ satisfying $f(x)-f(y)=(y-x)f(xy)$ for all $x,y>1$. [hide="hint"]you may try to find $f(x^5)$ by two ways and then continue the solution. I have also solved by using this method.By finding $f(x^5)$ in two ways I found that $f(x)=xf(x^2)$ for all $x>1$.[/hide]

2010 HMNT, 9

Tags: combinatorics

Newton and Leibniz are playing a game with a coin that comes up heads with probability $p$. They take turns flipping the coin until one of them wins with Newton going first. Newton wins if he flips a heads and Leibniz wins if he flips a tails. Given that Newton and Leibniz each win the game half of the time, what is the probability $p$?

2024 AMC 12/AHSME, 24

Tags: geometry , inradius

What is the number of ordered triples $(a,b,c)$ of positive integers, with $a\le b\le c\le 9$, such that there exists a (non-degenerate) triangle $\triangle ABC$ with an integer inradius for which $a$, $b$, and $c$ are the lengths of the altitudes from $A$ to $\overline{BC}$, $B$ to $\overline{AC}$, and $C$ to $\overline{AB}$, respectively? (Recall that the inradius of a triangle is the radius of the largest possible circle that can be inscribed in the triangle.) $ \textbf{(A) }2\qquad \textbf{(B) }3\qquad \textbf{(C) }4\qquad \textbf{(D) }5\qquad \textbf{(E) }6\qquad $