The diagram below shows the circular face of a clock with radius $20$ cm and a circular disk with radius $10$ cm externally tangent to the clock face at $12$ o'clock. The disk has an arrow painted on it, initially pointing in the upward vertical direction. Let the disk roll clockwise around the clock face. At what point on the clock face will the disk be tangent when the arrow is next pointing in the upward vertical direction? [asy] size(170); defaultpen(linewidth(0.9)+fontsize(13pt)); draw(unitcircle^^circle((0,1.5),0.5)); path arrow = origin--(-0.13,-0.35)--(-0.06,-0.35)--(-0.06,-0.7)--(0.06,-0.7)--(0.06,-0.35)--(0.13,-0.35)--cycle; for(int i=1;i<=12;i=i+1) { draw(0.9*dir(90-30*i)--dir(90-30*i)); label("$"+(string) i+"$",0.78*dir(90-30*i)); } dot(origin); draw(shift((0,1.87))*arrow); draw(arc(origin,1.5,68,30),EndArrow(size=12));[/asy] $ \textbf{(A) }\text{2 o'clock} \qquad\textbf{(B) }\text{3 o'clock} \qquad\textbf{(C) }\text{4 o'clock} \qquad\textbf{(D) }\text{6 o'clock} \qquad\textbf{(E) }\text{8 o'clock} $

Prove that if $n$ is a positive integer then $2 (n^2 + 1) - n$ is not a square of an integer.

Let $D, E$ and $F{}$ be the midpoints of the sides $BC, CA$ and $AB{}$ of the acute-angled triangle $ABC$ and let $H_a, H_b$ and $H_c{}$ be the orthocenters of the triangles $ABD, BCE$ and $CAF{}$ respectively. Prove that the triangles $H_aH_bH_c$ and $DEF$ have equal areas. [i]Proposed by Tran Quang Hung[/i]

Suppose that $X$ is an arbitrary point inside a tetrahedron. Through each vertex of the tetrahedron, draw a straight line that is parallel to the line segment connecting $X$ with the intersection point of the medians of the opposite face. Prove that these four lines meet at the same point.

From a point $O$ lying outside the circle $\omega$, two tangents are drawn touching $\omega$ at points $M$ and $N$. A point $K$ is chosen on the segment $MN$. Let points $P$ and $Q$ be the midpoints of segments $KM$ and $OM$ respectively. The circumcircle of triangle $MPQ$ intersects $\omega$ again at point $L$ ($L \neq M$). Prove that the line $LN$ passes through the centroid of triangle $KMO$.

The following diagram shows four vertices connected by six edges. Suppose that each of the edges is randomly painted either red, white, or blue. The probability that the three edges adjacent to at least one vertex are colored with all three colors is $\frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m + n$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/6/4/de0a2a1a659011a30de1859052284c696822bb.png[/img]

A sequence with first term $a_0$ is defined such that $a_{n+1}=2a_n^2-1$ for $n\geq0.$ Let $N$ denote the number of possible values of $a_0$ such that $a_0=a_{2020}.$ Find the number of factors of $N.$ [i]Proposed by Alex Li[/i]

Let $d(n)$ be the number of divisors of a nonnegative integer $n$ (we set $d(0)=0$). Find all positive integers $d$ such that there exists a two-variable polynomial $P(x,y)$ of degree $d$ with integer coefficients such that: [list] [*] for any positive integer $y$, there are infinitely many positive integers $x$ such that $\gcd(x,y)=1$ and $d(|P(x,y)|) \mid x$, and [*] for any positive integer $x$, there are infinitely many positive integers $y$ such that $\gcd(x,y)=1$ and $d(|P(x,y)|) \mid y$. [/list] [i]Allen Wang[/i]

Prove that for some positive integer \(N\), \(N\) points can be chosen on a circle such that there are at least \(1000N^2\) unordered quadruples \((A,B,C,D)\) of distinct selected points for which \(\displaystyle \frac{AC}{BC} = \frac{AD}{BD}\).

Henry invited $2N$ guests to his birthday party. He has $N$ white hats and $N$ black hats. He wants to place hats on his guests and split his guests into one or several dancing circles so that in each circle there would be at least two people and the colors of hats of any two neighbours would be different. Prove that Henry can do this in exactly $(2N)!$ different ways. (All the hats with the same color are identical, all the guests are obviously distinct, $(2N)! = 1 \cdot 2 \cdot . . . \cdot (2N)$.) Gleb Pogudin

In how many ways can $2^{n}$ be expressed as the sum of four squares of natural numbers?

If $f(1) = 1$ and $f(n+1) = \frac{2f(n) + 1}{2}$, then find $f(237)$. $\text{(A) }117\qquad\text{(B) }118\qquad\text{(C) }119\qquad\text{(D) }120\qquad\text{(E) }121$

Let $ ABC$ be an acute-angled triangle. Let $ L$ be any line in the plane of the triangle $ ABC$. Denote by $ u$, $ v$, $ w$ the lengths of the perpendiculars to $ L$ from $ A$, $ B$, $ C$ respectively. Prove the inequality $ u^2\cdot\tan A \plus{} v^2\cdot\tan B \plus{} w^2\cdot\tan C\geq 2\cdot S$, where $ S$ is the area of the triangle $ ABC$. Determine the lines $ L$ for which equality holds.

Let $ M(n )\equal{}\{\minus{}1,\minus{}2,\ldots,\minus{}n\}$. For every non-empty subset of $ M(n )$ we consider the product of its elements. How big is the sum over all these products?

Two players write alternatively some integers on the blackboard. The rules are the following : - The first player write $1$. - At each of the other turns, the player has to write $a+1$ or $2a$ where $a$ is any number already wrote in the blackboard and $2a \leq 1000.$ - One cannot write a number which has already been written, and no number is erased. - The player who writes $1000$ is the winner. Determine which player has a winning strategy. Pierre.

Let $a,b,c$ be the sidelengths of a triangle such that $a^2+b^2 > 5c^2$ holds. Prove that $c$ is the shortest side of the triangle.

Let $O$ and $R$ be the circumcenter and circumradius of a triangle $ABC$, and let $P$ be any point in the plane of the triangle. The perpendiculars $PA_1,PB_1,PC_1$ are drawn from $P$ on $BC,CA,AB$. Express $S_{A_1B_1C_1}/S_{ABC}$ in terms of $R$ and $d = OP$, where $S_{XYZ}$ is the area of $\triangle XYZ$.

Five points are given in the plane. Find the maximum number of similar triangles whose vertices are among those five points.

The largest integer $n$ for which $n^{200} < 5^{300}$ is $\textbf{(A) }8\qquad \textbf{(B) }9\qquad \textbf{(C) }10\qquad \textbf{(D) }11\qquad \textbf{(E) }12$

Suppose that the roots of $x^3+3x^2+4x-11=0$ are $a, b,$ and $c,$ and that the roots of $x^3+rx^2+sx+t=0$ are $a+b, b+c,$ and $c+a.$ Find $t.$

The finite set $M$ of real numbers is such that among any three of its elements there are two whose sum is in $M$. What is the maximum possible cardinality of $M$? [hide=Remark about the other problems] Problem 2 is UK National Round 2022 P2, Problem 3 is UK National Round 2022 P4, Problem 4 is Balkan MO 2021 Shortlist N2 (the one with Bertrand), Problem 5 is IMO Shortlist 2021 A1 and Problem 6 is USAMO 2002/1. Hence neither of these will be posted here. [/hide]

Let $h \ge 3$ be an integer and $X$ the set of all positive integers that are greater than or equal to $2h$. Let $S$ be a nonempty subset of $X$ such that the following two conditions hold: [list] [*]if $a + b \in S$ with $a \ge h, b \ge h$, then $ab \in S$; [*]if $ab \in S$ with $a \ge h, b \ge h$, then $a + b \in S$.[/list] Prove that $S = X$.

A real number with absolute value less than $1$ is written in each cell of an $n\times n$ array, so that the sum of the numbers in each $2\times 2$ square is zero. Show that for odd $n$ the sum of all the numbers is less than $n$.

Let $\mathcal{C}_1$ and $\mathcal{C}_2$ be two circles, internally tangent at $P$ ($\mathcal{C}_2$ lies inside of $\mathcal{C}_1$). A chord $AB$ of $\mathcal{C}_1$ is tangent to $\mathcal{C}_2$ at $C.$ Let $D$ be the second point of intersection between the line $CP$ and $\mathcal{C}_1.$ A tangent from $D$ to $\mathcal{C}_2$ intersects $\mathcal{C}_1$ for the second time at $E$ and it intersects $\mathcal{C}_2$ at $F.$ Prove that $F$ is the incenter of triangle $ABE.$

Find all five-digit numbers that satisfy the following conditions: 1. The number is a palindrome. 2. The middle digit is twice the value of the first digit. 3. The number is a perfect square. [i]Proposed by Tamar Turashvili, Georgia [/i]