Source: 2018 Canadian Open Math Challenge Part B Problem 2 ----- Let ABCD be a square with side length 1. Points $X$ and $Y$ are on sides $BC$ and $CD$ respectively such that the areas of triangels $ABX$, $XCY$, and $YDA$ are equal. Find the ratio of the area of $\triangle AXY$ to the area of $\triangle XCY$. [center][img]https://services.artofproblemsolving.com/download.php?id=YXR0YWNobWVudHMvZi9lLzAzZjhhYzU0N2U0MGY2NGZlODM4MWI4Njg2MmEyMjhlY2M3ZjgzLnBuZw==&rn=YjIuUE5H[/img][/center]

Let $k\geq4$ be an integer. Sunny and Ming play a game with strings. A string is a sequence that every element of it is an integer between $1$ and $k$, inclusive. At first, Sunny chooses two positive integers $N,L\geq2$ and write down $N$ strings, each having length $L$. Then Ming mark at most $\frac{N}{2}$ strings. Then Sunny chooses an unmarked string $s$ and calculate the biggest integer $n$ such that there exists another string satisfying its first $n$ element is the same as the first $n$ element of $s$. Then Sunny burn down all strings which first $n$ element if different from the first $n$ element of $s$, leaving only the ones which have the same first $n$ element of $s$. Finally, Ming chooses an integer $d$ between $1$ and $k$, inclusive, and remove all strings which $(n+1)$th element is $d$. Sunny's score would be the number of strings left. Find the maximum score that Sunny can guarantee to get. [i]Proposed by USJL[/i]

Find all positive integers $n$ such that $\phi (n)$ is a divisor of $n^2+3$.

In a chess tournament $ 2n\plus{}3$ players take part. Every two play exactly one match. The schedule is such that no two matches are played at the same time, and each player, after taking part in a match, is free in at least $ n$ next (consecutive) matches. Prove that one of the players who play in the opening match will also play in the closing match.

Let $\phi(n)$ denote the number of positive integers less than or equal to $n$ that are coprime to $n$. Compute \[\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\phi(n)}{5^n+1}.\]

If $a,b>0$ then prove: $$\left(\frac{a+b}2-\frac{2ab}{a+b}\right)\operatorname{arctan}\left(\sqrt{ab}\right)+\left(\frac{2ab}{a+b}-\sqrt{ab}\right)\operatorname{arctan}\left(\frac{a+b}2\right)+\left(\sqrt{ab}-\frac{2ab}{a+b}\right)\operatorname{arctan}\left(\sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}2}\right)\ge0$$ [i]Proposed by Daniel Sitaru[/i]

For a finite set $A$ of positive integers, a partition of $A$ into two disjoint nonempty subsets $A_1$ and $A_2$ is $\textit{good}$ if the least common multiple of the elements in $A_1$ is equal to the greatest common divisor of the elements in $A_2$. Determine the minimum value of $n$ such that there exists a set of $n$ positive integers with exactly $2015$ good partitions.

Find the value of $a_2 + a_4 + a_6 + \dots + a_{98}$ if $a_1$, $a_2$, $a_3$, $\dots$ is an arithmetic progression with common difference 1, and $a_1 + a_2 + a_3 + \dots + a_{98} = 137$.

In the trapezoid $ABCD, AB // CD$ and the diagonals intersect at $O$. The points $P, Q$ are on $AD, BC$ respectively such that $\angle AP B = \angle CP D$ and $\angle AQB = \angle CQD$. Show that $OP = OQ$.

The circles $k_1, k_2, k_3$ with radii ($a>c>b$) $a,b,c$ are tangent to line $d$ at $A,B,C$, respectively. $k_1$ is tangent to $k_2$, and $k_2$ is tangent to $k_3$. The tangent line to $k_3$ at $E$ is parallel to $d$, and it meets $k_1$ at $D$. The line perpendicular to $d$ at $A$ meets line $EB$ at $F$. Prove that $AD=AF$.

Older television screens have an aspect ratio of $ 4: 3$. That is, the ratio of the width to the height is $ 4: 3$. The aspect ratio of many movies is not $ 4: 3$, so they are sometimes shown on a television screen by 'letterboxing' - darkening strips of equal height at the top and bottom of the screen, as shown. Suppose a movie has an aspect ratio of $ 2: 1$ and is shown on an older television screen with a $ 27$-inch diagonal. What is the height, in inches, of each darkened strip? [asy]unitsize(1mm); defaultpen(linewidth(.8pt)); filldraw((0,0)--(21.6,0)--(21.6,2.7)--(0,2.7)--cycle,grey,black); filldraw((0,13.5)--(21.6,13.5)--(21.6,16.2)--(0,16.2)--cycle,grey,black); draw((0,2.7)--(0,13.5)); draw((21.6,2.7)--(21.6,13.5));[/asy]$ \textbf{(A)}\ 2 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 2.25 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2.5 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 2.7 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 3$

Given a positive integer $\displaystyle n = \prod_{i=1}^s p_i^{\alpha_i}$, we write $\Omega(n)$ for the total number $\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^s \alpha_i$ of prime factors of $n$, counted with multiplicity. Let $\lambda(n) = (-1)^{\Omega(n)}$ (so, for example, $\lambda(12)=\lambda(2^2\cdot3^1)=(-1)^{2+1}=-1$). Prove the following two claims: i) There are infinitely many positive integers $n$ such that $\lambda(n) = \lambda(n+1) = +1$; ii) There are infinitely many positive integers $n$ such that $\lambda(n) = \lambda(n+1) = -1$. [i](Romania) Dan Schwarz[/i]

There are given in a table numbers $1,2,...,18$. What is minimal number of numbers we should erase such that the sum of every two remaining numbers is not perfect square of a positive integer.

There is a sequence with $a(2)=0$, $a(3)=1$ and $a(n)=a\left(\left\lfloor\dfrac n2\right\rfloor\right)+a\left(\left\lceil\dfrac n2\right\rceil\right)$ for $n\geq 4$. Find $a(2014)$. [Note that $\left\lfloor\dfrac n2\right\rfloor$ and $\left\lceil\dfrac n2\right\rceil$ denote the floor function (largest integer $\leq\tfrac n2$) and the ceiling function (smallest integer $\geq\tfrac n2$), respectively.]

Danielle has an $m \times n$ board and wants to fill it with pieces composed of two or more diagonally connected squares as shown, without overlapping or leaving gaps: a) Find all values of $(m,n)$ for which it is possible to fill the board. b) If it is possible to fill an $m \times n$ board, find the minimum number of pieces Danielle can use to fill it. [i]Note: The pieces can be rotated[/i].

Let $ABC$ be a triangle and $M$ the midpoint of $AB$. Let circumcircles of triangles $CMO$ and $ABC$ intersect at $K$ where $O$ is the circumcenter of $ABC$. Let $P$ be the intersection of lines $OM$ and $CK$. Prove that $\angle{PAK} = \angle{MCB}$.

Let $ABCD$ be a trapezoid such that $AB \parallel CD$ and $AB > CD$. Points $X$ and $Y$ are on the side $AB$ such that $XY = AB-CD$ and $X$ lies between $A$ and $Y$. Prove that one intersection of the circumcircles of triangles $AYD$ and $BXC$ is on line $CD$.

Let $s(k)$ be the number of ways to express $k$ as the sum of distinct $2012^{th}$ powers, where order does not matter. Show that for every real number $c$ there exists an integer $n$ such that $s(n)>cn$. [i]Alex Zhu.[/i]

Find the smallest positive number $a$ for which $$\sin a^o = \sin a$$ (on the left ($a^o$) is an angle of $a$ degrees, on the right is an angle in $a$ radians).

Let $N=6+66+666+....+666..66$, where there are hundred $6's$ in the last term in the sum. How many times does the digit $7$ occur in the number $N$

Let $x$ be the answer to this problem. For what real number $a$ is the answer to this problem also $a-x$? [i]Ray Li[/i]

Line $DE$ cuts through triangle $ABC$, with $DF$ parallel to $BE$. Given that $BD =DF = 10$ and $AD = BE = 25$, find $BC$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/0/e/d6e3d7c1f9bd15f4573ccd5fc67c190b9cf7e9.png[/img]

Vasya has a numeric expression $$ \Box \cdot \Box +\Box \cdot \Box $$ and 4 cards with numbers that can be put on 4 free places in the expression. Vasya tried to put cards in all possible ways and all the time obtained the same value as a result. Prove that equal numbers are written on three of his cards.

Assign to each side $b$ of a convex polygon $P$ the maximum area of a triangle that has $b$ as a side and is contained in $P$. Show that the sum of the areas assigned to the sides of $P$ is at least twice the area of $P$.

Let $ n\in N^*$. A permutation $ (a_1,a_2,...,a_n)$ of the numbers $ (1,2,...,n)$ is called [i]quadratic [/i] iff at least one of the numbers $ a_1,a_1\plus{}a_2,...,a_1\plus{}a_2\plus{}a\plus{}...\plus{}a_n$ is a perfect square. Find the greatest natural number $ n\leq 2003$, such that every permutation of $ (1,2,...,n)$ is quadratic.