(a) Show that, for each positive integer $n$, the number of monic polynomials of degree $n$ with integer coefficients having all its roots on the unit circle is finite. (b) Let $P(x)$ be a monic polynomial with integer coefficients having all its roots on the unit circle. Show that there exists a positive integer $m$ such that $y^m=1$ for each root $y$ of $P(x)$.

Numbers $1,\ldots,2025$ are written in a circle in increasing order. For every three consecutive numbers $i,j,k$ we consider the polynomial $(x-i)(x-j)(x-k)$. Let $s(x)$ be the sum of all $2025$ these polynomials. Prove that $s(x)$ has an integral root. [i]A. Voidelevich[/i]

A square, a regular pentagon, and a regular hexagon are all inscribed in the same circle. The $15$ vertices of these polygons divide the circle into at most $15$ arcs. Let $M$ be the degree measure of the longest of these arcs. Find the minimum possible value for $M$.

Let $X=\{1,2,3,...,12\}$. Find the number of pairs of $\{A,B\}$ such that $A\subseteq X, B\subseteq X, A\ne B$ and $A\cap B=\{2,3,5,7,8\}$.

Suppose that $G$ is a finite group generated by the two elements $g$ and $h,$ where the order of $g$ is odd. Show that every element of $G$ can be written in the form \[g^{m_1}h^{n_1}g^{m_2}h^{n_2}\cdots g^{m_r}h^{n_r}\] with $1\le r\le |G|$ and $m_n,n_1,m_2,n_2,\dots,m_r,n_r\in\{1,-1\}.$ (Here $|G|$ is the number of elements of $G.$)

$\textbf{(Lucas Numbers)}$ The Lucas numbers are defined by $L_0 = 2$, $L_1 = 1$, and $L_{n+2} = L_{n+1} + L_n$ for every $n \ge 0$. There are $N$ integers $1 \le n \le 2016$ such that $L_n$ contains the digit $1$. Estimate $N$. An estimate of $E$ earns $\left\lfloor 20 - 2|N-E| \right\rfloor$ or $0$ points, whichever is greater.

Triangle $ABC$ has circumcircle $\Omega$ and circumcenter $O$. A circle $\Gamma$ with center $A$ intersects the segment $BC$ at points $D$ and $E$, such that $B$, $D$, $E$, and $C$ are all different and lie on line $BC$ in this order. Let $F$ and $G$ be the points of intersection of $\Gamma$ and $\Omega$, such that $A$, $F$, $B$, $C$, and $G$ lie on $\Omega$ in this order. Let $K$ be the second point of intersection of the circumcircle of triangle $BDF$ and the segment $AB$. Let $L$ be the second point of intersection of the circumcircle of triangle $CGE$ and the segment $CA$. Suppose that the lines $FK$ and $GL$ are different and intersect at the point $X$. Prove that $X$ lies on the line $AO$. [i]Proposed by Greece[/i]

$p(x)$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ with leading coefficient $c$, and $q(x)$ is a polynomial of degree $m$ with leading coefficient $c$, such that \[ p(x)^2 = \left(x^2 - 1\right)q(x)^2 + 1 \] Show that $p'(x) = nq(x)$.

3. Eight farmers have a checkered $8 \times 8$ field. There is a fence along the boundary of the field. The entire field is completely covered with berries (there is a berry in every point of the field, except the points of the fence). The farmers divided the field along the grid lines in 8 plots of equal area (every plot is a polygon), however they did not demarcate their boundaries. Each farmer takes care of berries only inside his own plot (not on its boundaries). A farmer will notice a loss only if at least two berries disappeared inside his plot. There is a crow which knows all of the above, except the location of boundaries of plots. Can the crow carry off 9 berries from the field so that for sure no farmer will notice this? Tatiana Kazitsyna

At one school, $85$ percent of the students are taking mathematics courses, $55$ percent of the students are taking history courses, and $7$ percent of the students are taking neither mathematics nor history courses. Find the percent of the students who are taking both mathematics and history courses.

Let $p$ be a prime number. Show that $7^p+3p-4$ is not a perfect square.

Prove that any rigid flat triangle $T$ of area less than $4$ can be inserted through a triangular hole $Q$ with area $3$.

A real-valued function $ f$ satisfies for all reals $ x$ and $ y$ the equality \[ f (xy) \equal{} f (x)y \plus{} x f (y). \] Prove that this function satisfies for all reals $ x$ and $ y \ne 0$ the equality \[ f\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)\equal{}\frac{f (x)y \minus{} x f (y)}{y^2} \]

Let $ P$ be the the isogonal conjugate of $ Q$ with respect to triangle $ ABC$, and $ P,Q$ are in the interior of triangle $ ABC$. Denote by $ O_{1},O_{2},O_{3}$ the circumcenters of triangle $ PBC,PCA,PAB$, $ O'_{1},O'_{2},O'_{3}$ the circumcenters of triangle $ QBC,QCA,QAB$, $ O$ the circumcenter of triangle $ O_{1}O_{2}O_{3}$, $ O'$ the circumcenter of triangle $ O'_{1}O'_{2}O'_{3}$. Prove that $ OO'$ is parallel to $ PQ$.

Let $\mathbb{Z}$ be the set of all integers. Find all pairs of integers $(a,b)$ for which there exist functions $f \colon \mathbb{Z}\rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$ and $g \colon \mathbb{Z} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$ satisfying \[ f(g(x))=x+a \quad\text{and}\quad g(f(x))=x+b \] for all integers $x$. [i]Proposed by Ankan Bhattacharya[/i]

$2020$ positive integers are written in one line. Each of them starting with the third is divisible by previous and by the sum of two previous numbers. What is the smallest value the last number can take? A. Gribalko

Is it true that if a function $f: R \to R$ is continuous and takes rational values at rational points, then at least at one point it is differentiable?

The different non-zero real numbers a, b, c satisfy the set equality $\{a + b, b + c, c + a\} = \{ab, bc, ca\}$. Prove that the set equality $\{a, b, c\} = \{a^2 -2, b^2 - 2, c^2 - 2\}$ also holds. . (Josef Tkadlec)

Prove the identity \[ (z+a)^n=z^n+a\sum_{k=1}^n\binom{n}{k}(a-kb)^{k-1}(z+kb)^{n-k}\]

[b]p1.[/b] Nicky is studying biology and has a tank of $17$ lizards. In one day, he can either remove $5$ lizards or add $2$ lizards to his tank. What is the minimum number of days necessary for Nicky to get rid of all of the lizards from his tank? [b]p2.[/b] What is the maximum number of spheres with radius $1$ that can fit into a sphere with radius $2$? [b]p3.[/b] A positive integer $x$ is sunny if $3x$ has more digits than $x$. If all sunny numbers are written in increasing order, what is the $50$th number written? [b]p4.[/b] Quadrilateral $ABCD$ satisfies $AB = 4$, $BC = 5$, $DA = 4$, $\angle DAB = 60^o$, and $\angle ABC = 150^o$. Find the area of $ABCD$. [b]p5. [/b]Totoro wants to cut a $3$ meter long bar of mixed metals into two parts with equal monetary value. The left meter is bronze, worth $10$ zoty per meter, the middle meter is silver, worth $25$ zoty per meter, and the right meter is gold, worth $40$ zoty per meter. How far, in meters, from the left should Totoro make the cut? [b]p6.[/b] If the numbers $x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4$, and $x5$ are a permutation of the numbers $1, 2, 3, 4$, and $5$, compute the maximum possible value of $$|x_1 - x_2| + |x_2 - x_3| + |x_3 - x_4| + |x_4 - x_5|.$$ [b]p7.[/b] In a $3 \times 4$ grid of $12$ squares, find the number of paths from the top left corner to the bottom right corner that satisfy the following two properties: $\bullet$ The path passes through each square exactly once. $\bullet$ Consecutive squares share a side. Two paths are considered distinct if and only if the order in which the twelve squares are visited is different. For instance, in the diagram below, the two paths drawn are considered the same. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/7/a/bb3471bbde1a8f58a61d9dd69c8527cfece05a.png[/img] [b]p8.[/b] Scott, Demi, and Alex are writing a computer program that is $25$ ines long. Since they are working together on one computer, only one person may type at a time. To encourage collaboration, no person can type two lines in a row, and everyone must type something. If Scott takes $10$ seconds to type one line, Demi takes $15$ seconds, and Alex takes $20$ seconds, at least how long, in seconds, will it take them to finish the program? [b]p9.[/b] A hand of four cards of the form $(c, c, c + 1, c + 1)$ is called a tractor. Vinjai has a deck consisting of four of each of the numbers $7$, $8$, $9$ and $10$. If Vinjai shuffles and draws four cards from his deck, compute the probability that they form a tractor. [b]p10. [/b]The parabola $y = 2x^2$ is the wall of a fortress. Totoro is located at $(0, 4)$ and fires a cannonball in a straight line at the closest point on the wall. Compute the y-coordinate of the point on the wall that the cannonball hits. [b]p11. [/b]How many ways are there to color the squares of a $10$ by $10$ grid with black and white such that in each row and each column there are exactly two black squares and between the two black squares in a given row or column there are exactly [b]4[/b] white squares? Two configurations that are the same under rotations or reflections are considered different. [b]p12.[/b] In rectangle $ABCD$, points $E$ and $F$ are on sides $AB$ and $CD$, respectively, such that $AE = CF > AD$ and $\angle CED = 90^o$. Lines $AF, BF, CE$ and $DE$ enclose a rectangle whose area is $24\%$ of the area of $ABCD$. Compute $\frac{BF}{CE}$ . [b]p13.[/b] Link cuts trees in order to complete a quest. He must cut $3$ Fenwick trees, $3$ Splay trees and $3$ KD trees. If he must also cut 3 trees of the same type in a row at some point during his quest, in how many ways can he cut the trees and complete the quest? (Trees of the same type are indistinguishable.) [b]p14.[/b] Find all ordered pairs (a, b) of positive integers such that $\sqrt{64a + b^2} + 8 = 8\sqrt{a} + b$. [b]p15.[/b] Let $ABCDE$ be a convex pentagon such that $\angle ABC = \angle BCD = 108^o$, $\angle CDE = 168^o$ and $AB =BC = CD = DE$. Find the measure of $\angle AEB$ PS. You had better use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

Let $k$ be an integer in the interval $[1,99]$. A fair coin is to be flipped $100$ times. Let $$\varepsilon_j =\begin{cases} 1, \text{if the j-th flip is a head} \\ 2, \text{f the j-th flip is a tail}\end{cases}$$ Let $M_k$ denote the probability that there exists a number $i$ such that $k+\varepsilon_1 +...+\varepsilon_i = 100$. How to choose $k$ so as to maximize the probability $M_k$?

Show that any real coefficient polynomial $f(x,y)$ is a linear combination of polynomials of the form $(x+ay)^k$. ($a$ is a real number and $k$ is a non-negative integer.)

Find the maximum possible value of the inradius of a triangle whose vertices lie in the interior, or on the boundary, of a unit square.

A farmer wants to create a rectangular plot along the side of a barn where the barn forms one side of the rectangle and a fence forms the other three sides. The farmer will build the fence by tting together $75$ straight sections of fence which are each $4$ feet long. The farmer will build the fence to maximize the area of the rectangular plot. Find the length in feet along the side of the barn of this rectangular plot.

Let $ ABC$ be an equilateral triangle with side length 2, and let $ \Gamma$ be a circle with radius $ \frac {1}{2}$ centered at the center of the equilateral triangle. Determine the length of the shortest path that starts somewhere on $ \Gamma$, visits all three sides of $ ABC$, and ends somewhere on $ \Gamma$ (not necessarily at the starting point). Express your answer in the form of $ \sqrt p \minus{} q$, where $ p$ and $ q$ are rational numbers written as reduced fractions.