Each of the small circles in the figure has radius one. The innermost circle is tangent to the six circles that surround it, and each of those circles is tangent to the large circle and to its small-circle neighbors. Find the area of the shaded region. [asy]unitsize(.3cm); defaultpen(linewidth(.8pt)); path c=Circle((0,2),1); filldraw(Circle((0,0),3),grey,black); filldraw(Circle((0,0),1),white,black); filldraw(c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(60)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(120)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(180)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(240)*c,white,black); filldraw(rotate(300)*c,white,black);[/asy]$ \textbf{(A)}\ \pi \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 1.5\pi \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2\pi \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 3\pi \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 3.5\pi$

Prove that a right triangle has an angle equal to $30^o$ if and only if the center of the circle inscribed in this triangle is located on the perpendicular bisector of the median taken from the vertex of the right angle of the triangle.

Place three discs with radius $ r$ in a square with sides of length 1 so that the discs do not intersect: as on the figure. What is the greatest possible value of $ r$? [img]http://i250.photobucket.com/albums/gg265/geometry101/NielsHenrikAbel1997Number8.jpg[/img] A. $ \frac {1}{3}$ B. $ \frac {1}{4}$ C. $ \frac {\sqrt {2}}{6}$ D. $ 2 \sqrt {2} \minus{} \sqrt {6}$ E. $ \frac {\sqrt {2}}{1 \plus{} 2 \sqrt {2} \plus{} \sqrt {3}}$

A bug crawls along a number line, starting at $-2$. It crawls to $-6$, then turns around and crawls to $5$. How many units does the bug crawl altogether? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 9 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 11 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 13 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 14 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 15 $

Points $A,B,C$ with $AB<BC$ lie in this order on a line. Let $ABDE$ be a square. The circle with diameter $AC$ intersects the line $DE$ at points $P$ and $Q$ with $P$ between $D$ and $E$. The lines $AQ$ and $BD$ intersect at $R$. Prove that $DP=DR$.

For any two points $A (x_1 , y_1)$ and $B (x_2, y_2)$, the distance $r (A, B)$ between them is determined by the equality $r(A, B) = | x_1- x_2 | + | y_1 - y_2 |$. Prove that the triangle inequality $r(A, C) + r(C, B) \ge r(A, B)$. holds for the distance introduced in this way . Let $A$ and $B$ be two points of the plane (you can take $A(1, 3)$, $B(3, 7)$). Find the locus of points $C$ for which a) $r(A, C) + r(C, B) = r(A, B)$ b) $r(A, C) = r(C, B).$

Is it possible in a plane mark $10$ red, $10$ blue and $10$ green points (all distinct) such that three conditions hold: $i)$ For every red point $A$ there exists a blue point closer to point $A$ than any other green point $ii)$ For every blue point $B$ there exists a green point closer to point $B$ than any other red point $iii)$ For every green point $C$ there exists a red point closer to point $C$ than any other blue point

Let $ f(n)$ be a function defined on the set of all positive integers and having its values in the same set. Suppose that $ f(f(n) \plus{} f(m)) \equal{} m \plus{} n$ for all positive integers $ n,m.$ Find the possible value for $ f(1988).$

Let $A$ consist of $16$ elements of the set $\{1,2,3,\ldots, 106\}$, so that no two elements of $A$ differ by $6, 9, 12, 15, 18,$ or $21$. Prove that two elements of $A$ must differ by $3$.

Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and AD one of its altitudes (D on BC). The line through D parallel to AB is denoted by $l$, and t is the tangent to the circumcircle of ABC at A. Finally, let E be the intersection of $l$ and t. Show that CE and t are perpendicular to each other.

One hundred points are marked inside a circle, with no three in a line. Prove that it is possible to connect the points in pairs such that all fifty lines intersect one another inside the circle.

Let $m$ and $n$ be two positive integers for which $m<n$. $n$ distinct points $X_1,\ldots , X_n$ are in the interior of the unit disc and at least one of them is on its border. Prove that we can find $m$ distinct points $X_{i_1},\ldots , X_{i_m}$ so that the distance between their center of gravity and the center of the circle is at least $\frac{1}{1+2m(1- 1/n)}$.

Let $a, b, c$ be real numbers with the property as $ab + bc + ca = 1$. Show that: $$\frac {(a + b) ^ 2 + 1} {c ^ 2 + 2} + \frac {(b + c) ^ 2 + 1} {a ^ 2 + 2} + \frac {(c + a) ^ 2 + 1} {b ^ 2 + 2} \ge 3 $$.

There's a real number written on every field of a $n \times n$ chess board. The sum of all numbers of a "cross" (union of a line and a column) is $\geq a$. What's the smallest possible sum of all numbers on the board¿

For a function $f : [0,1] \to [0,1] $ we define $f^1 = f $ and $f^{n+1} (x) = f (f^n(x))$ for $0 \le x \le 1$ and $n \in N$. Given that there is a $n$ such that $|f^n(x) - f^n(y)| < |x - y| $ for all distinct $x, y \in [0,1]$, prove that there is a unique $x_0 \in [0,1]$ such that $f (x_0) = x_0$.

[b]E[/b]ach of the integers $1,2,...,729$ is written in its base-$3$ representation without leading zeroes. The numbers are then joined together in that order to form a continuous string of digits: $12101112202122...$ How many times in this string does the substring $012$ appear?

How many of $ 11^2 \plus{} 13^2 \plus{} 17^2$, $ 24^2 \plus{} 25^2 \plus{} 26^2$, $ 12^2 \plus{} 24^2 \plus{} 36^2$, $ 11^2 \plus{} 12^2 \plus{} 132^2$ are perfect square ? $\textbf{(A)}\ 4 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 3 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 2 d)1 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 0$

Show that for all positive integers $n$, the number $2^{3^n}+1$ is divisible by $3^{n+1}$.

For a positive integer $N$, we color the positive divisors of $N$ (including 1 and $N$) with four colors. A coloring is called [i]multichromatic[/i] if whenever $a$, $b$ and $\gcd(a, b)$ are pairwise distinct divisors of $N$, then they have pairwise distinct colors. What is the maximum possible number of multichromatic colorings a positive integer can have if it is not the power of any prime?

An acute-angled triangle $ABC$ with an altitude $AD$ and orthocenter $H$ are given. $AD$ intersects the circumcircle of $ABC$ $\omega$ at $P$. $K$ is a point on segment $BC$ such that $KC=BD$. The circumcircle of $KPH$ intersects $\omega$ at $Q$ and $BC$ at $N$. A line perpendicular to $PQ$ and passing through $N$ intersects $AD$ at $T$. Prove that the center of $\omega$ lies on line $TK$. [i]U. Maksimenkau[/i]

[b]p1.[/b] (a) Brian has a big job to do that will take him two hours to complete. He has six friends who can help him. They all work at the same rate, somewhat slower than Brian. All seven working together can finish the job in $45$ minutes. How long will it take to do the job if Brian worked with only three of his friends? (b) Brian could do his next job in $N$ hours, working alone. This time he has an unlimited list of friends who can help him, but as he moves down the list, each friend works more slowly than those above on the list. The first friend would take $kN$ ($k > 1$) hours to do the job alone, the second friend would take $k^2N$ hours alone, the third friend would take $k^3N$ hours alone, etc. Theoretically, if Brian could get all his infinite number of friends to help him, how long would it take to complete the job? [b]p2.[/b] (a) The centers of two circles of radius $1$ are two opposite vertices of a square of side $1$. Find the area of the intersection of the two circles. (b) The centers of two circles of radius $1$ are two consecutive vertices of a square of side $1$. Find the area of the intersection of the two circles and the square. (c) The centers of four circles of radius $1$ are the vertices of a square of side $1$. Find the area of the intersection of the four circles. [b]p3.[/b] For any real number$ x$, $[x]$ denotes the greatest integer that does not exceed $x$. For example, $[7.3] = 7$, $[10/3] = 3$, $[5] = 5$. Given natural number $N$, denote as $f(N)$ the following sum of $N$ integers: $$f(N) = [N/1] + [N/2] + [N/3] + ... + [N/n].$$ (a) Evaluate $f(7) - f(6)$. (b) Evaluate $f(35) - f(34)$. (c) Evaluate (with explanation) $f(1996) - f(1995)$. [b]p4.[/b] We will say that triangle $ABC$ is good if it satisfies the following conditions: $AB = 7$, the other two sides are integers, and $\cos A =\frac27$. (a) Find the sides of a good isosceles triangle. (b) Find the sides of a good scalene (i.e. non-isosceles) triangle. (c) Find the sides of a good scalene triangle other than the one you found in (b) and prove that any good triangle is congruent to one of the three triangles you have found. [b]p5.[/b] (a) A bag contains nine balls, some of which are white, the others are black. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, without replacement. It is found that the probability that the two balls are of the same color is the same as the probability that they are of different colors. How many of the nine balls were of one color and how many of the other color? (b) A bag contains $N$ balls, some of which are white, the others are black. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, without replacement. It is found that the probability that the two balls are of the same color is the same as the probability that they are of different colors. It is also found that $180 < N < 220$. Find the exact value of $N$ and determine how many of the $N$ balls were of one color and how many of the other color. PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $\angle BAC=30^{\circ}$. The internal and external angle bisectors of $\angle ABC$ meet the line $AC$ at $B_1$ and $B_2$, respectively, and the internal and external angle bisectors of $\angle ACB$ meet the line $AB$ at $C_1$ and $C_2$, respectively. Suppose that the circles with diameters $B_1B_2$ and $C_1C_2$ meet inside the triangle $ABC$ at point $P$. Prove that $\angle BPC=90^{\circ}$ .

Given a $19 \times 19$ matrix where each component is either $1$ or $-1$. Let $b_i$ be the product of all components in the $i$-th row, and $k_i$ be the product of all components in the $i$-th column, for all $1 \le i \le 19$. Prove that for any such matrix, $b_1 + k_1 + b_2 + k_2 + \cdots + b_{19} + k_{19} \neq 0$.

Two lines intersect inside a unit square, splitting it into four regions. Find the maximum product of the areas of the four regions. [i]Proposed by Nathan Ramesh

Given a triangle $ABC$, with $I$ as its incenter and $\Gamma$ as its circumcircle, $AI$ intersects $\Gamma$ again at $D$. Let $E$ be a point on the arc $BDC$, and $F$ a point on the segment $BC$, such that $\angle BAF=\angle CAE < \dfrac12\angle BAC$. If $G$ is the midpoint of $IF$, prove that the meeting point of the lines $EI$ and $DG$ lies on $\Gamma$. [i]Proposed by Tai Wai Ming and Wang Chongli, Hong Kong[/i]