Let $\mathbb R$ be the set of real numbers. Determine all functions $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ that satisfy the equation $$\sum_{i=1}^{2015} f(x_i + x_{i+1}) + f\left( \sum_{i=1}^{2016} x_i \right) \le \sum_{i=1}^{2016} f(2x_i)$$ for all real numbers $x_1, x_2, ... , x_{2016}.$

[b]10.[/b] In an urn there are balls of $N$ different colours, $n$ balls of each colour. Balls are drawn and not replaced until one of the colours turns up twice; denote by $V_{N,n} $ the number of the balls drawn and by $M_{N,n}$ the expectation of the random variable $v_{N,n}$. Find the limit distribution of the random variable $\frac{V_{N,n}}{M_{N,n}}$ if $N \to \infty$ and $n$ is a fixed number. [b](P. 8)[/b]

Let $a,b,c$ be real positive numbers. Prove that the following inequality holds: \[{ \sum_{\rm cyc}\sqrt{5a^2+5c^2+8b^2\over 4ac}\ge 3\cdot \root 9 \of{8(a+b)^2(b+c)^2(c+a)^2\over (abc)^2} }\]

Find maximal positive integer $p$ such that $5^7$ is sum of $p$ consecutive positive integers

Solve in real numbers the system of equations: \begin{align*} \frac{1}{xy}&=\frac{x}{z}+1 \\ \frac{1}{yz}&=\frac{y}{x}+1 \\ \frac{1}{zx}&=\frac{z}{y}+1 \\ \end{align*}

What is $2021+20+21+2+0+2+1$? [i]Proposed by Nathan Xiong[/i]

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with $\angle A < \angle B \le \angle C$, and $O$ its circumcenter. The perpendicular bisector of side $AB$ intersects side $AC$ at $D$. The perpendicular bisector of side $AC$ intersects side $AB$ at $E$. Express the angles of triangle $DEO$ in terms of the angles of triangle $ABC$.

[b]5.[/b] Let $a_0 , a_1 , \dots $ be nonnegative real numbers such that $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a_n = \infty$ For arbitrary $ c>0$, let $n_{j}(c)= \min \left \{ k : c.j \leq \sum_{i=0}^{k} a_i \right \}$, $j= 1,2, \dots $ Prove that if $\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}a_i^2 = \infty$, then there exists a $c>0$ for which $\sum_{j=1}^{\infty} a_{n_j (c)} = \infty$ .([b]S.24[/b]) [P. Erdos, I. Joó, L. Székely]

On the domain $0\leq \theta \leq 2\pi:$ (a) Prove that $\sin^{2}\theta \cdot \sin 2\theta$ takes its maximum at $\frac{\pi}{3}$ and $\frac{4 \pi}{3}$ (and hence its minimum at $\frac{2 \pi}{3}$ and $\frac{ 5 \pi}{3}$). (b) Show that $$| \sin^{2} \theta \cdot \sin^{3} 2\theta \cdot \sin^{3} 4 \theta \cdots \sin^{3} 2^{n-1} \theta \cdot \sin 2^{n} \theta |$$ takes its maximum at $\frac{4 \pi}{3}$ (the maximum may also be attained at other points). (c) Derive the inequality: $$ \sin^{2} \theta \cdot \sin^{2} 2\theta \cdots \sin^{2} 2^{n} \theta \leq \left( \frac{3}{4} \right)^{n}.$$

In a right triangle $ABC$ with a hypotenuse $AB$, the angle $A$ is greater than the angle $B$. Point $N$ lies on the hypotenuse $AB$ , such that $BN = AC$. Construct this triangle $ABC$ given the point $N$, point $F$ on the side $AC$ and a straight line $\ell$ containing the bisector of the angle $A$ of the triangle $ABC$. (Grigory Filippovsky)

A graph has $17$ points and each point has $4$ edges. Show that there are two points which are not joined and which are not both joined to the same point.

[b]9.[/b] Spin a regular coin repeatedly until the heads and tails turned up both reach the number $k$ ($k= 1, 2, \dots $); denote by $v_k$ the number of the necessary throws. Find the distribution of the random variable $v_k$ and the limit-distribution of the random variable $\frac {v_k -2k}{\sqrt {2k}}$ as $k \to \infty$. [b](P. 10)[/b]

There are distinct points $O, A, B, K_1, . . . , K_n, L_1, . . . , L_n$ on a plane such that no three points are collinear. The open line segments $K_1L_1, . . . , K_nL_n$ are coloured red, other points on the plane are left uncoloured. An allowed path from point $O$ to point $X$ is a polygonal chain with first and last vertices at points $O$ and $X$, containing no red points. For example, for $n = 1$, and $K_1 = (-1, 0)$, $L_1 = (1, 0)$, $O = (0,-1)$, and $X = (0,1)$, $OK_1X$ and $OL_1X$ are examples of allowed paths from $O$ to $X$, there are no shorter allowed paths. Find the least positive integer n such that it is possible that the first vertex that is not $O$ on any shortest possible allowed path from $O$ to $A$ is closer to $B$ than to $A$, and the first vertex that is not $O$ on any shortest possible allowed path from $O$ to $B$ is closer to $A$ than to $B$.

Determine all strictly increasing functions $f:\mathbb{N}_0\to\mathbb{N}_0$ which satisfy \[f(x)\cdot f(y)\mid (1+2x)\cdot f(y)+(1+2y)\cdot f(x)\]for all non-negative integers $x{}$ and $y{}$.

Let $S=\underbrace{111\dots 1}_{19}\underbrace{999\dots 9}_{19}$. Show that the $2S$-digit number \[\underbrace{111\dots 1}_{S}\underbrace{999\dots 9}_{S}\] is a multiple of $19$.

Let $A,B,C$ denote intersection points of diagonals $A_1A_4$ and $A_2A_5$, $A_1A_6$ and $A_2A_7$, $A_1A_9$ and $A_2A_{10}$ of the regular decagon $A_1A_2...A_{10}$ respectively Find the angles of the triangle $ABC$

Given $ a,b, c $ positive real numbers satisfying $ a+b+c=1 $. Prove that \[ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{ab+bc+ca}}\ge \sqrt{\dfrac{2a}{3(b+c)}} +\sqrt{\dfrac{2b}{3(c+a)}} + \sqrt{\dfrac{2c}{3(a+b)}} \ge \sqrt{a} +\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c} \]

Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ that satisfy the equation $$f(x^{2019} + y^{2019}) = x(f(x))^{2018} + y(f(y))^{2018}$$ for all real numbers $x$ and $y$.

For each set $C$ of points in space, we designate by $P_C$ the set of planes containing at least three points of $C$. $\bullet$ Prove that there exists $C$ such that $\phi (P_C) = 1997$, where $\phi$ corresponds to the cardinality. $\bullet$ Determine the least number of points that $C$ must have so that the previous property can be fulfilled.

Given a triangle $ABC$ let $D$, $E$, $F$ be orthogonal projections from $A$, $B$, $C$ to the opposite sides respectively. Let $X$, $Y$, $Z$ denote midpoints of $AD$, $BE$, $CF$ respectively. Prove that perpendiculars from $D$ to $YZ$, from $E$ to $XZ$ and from $F$ to $XY$ are concurrent.

Let $p$ and $n$ be positive integers such that $p$ is prime and $1 + np$ is a perfect square. Prove that the number $n + 1$ can be expressed as the sum of $p$ perfect squares, where some of them can be equal.

Given a convex quadrilateral whose opposite sides are not parallel, and giving an internal point $P$. Find a parallelogram whose vertices are on the side lines of the rectangle and whose center is $P$. Give a method by which we can construct it (provided there is one). [img]https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t4aCJza0LxI/X9j1qbSQE4I/AAAAAAAAMz4/V9pr7Cd22G4F320nyRLZMRnz18hMw9NHQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/2012%2BDurer%2BC3.png[/img]

We are given a ruler with two marks at a distance 1. With its help we can do all possible constructions as with a ruler with no measurements, including one more: If there is a line $l$ and point $A$ on $l$, then we can construct points $P_1,P_2\in l$ for which $AP_1=AP_2=1$. By using this ruler, construct a perpendicular from a given point to a given line.

Two high school classes took the same test. One class of $ 20$ students made an average grade of $ 80\%$; the other class of $ 30$ students made an average grade of $ 70\%$. The average grade for all students in both classes is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ 75\% \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 74\% \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 72\% \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 77\% \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{none of these}$

Triangle $ ABC$ has $ AB\equal{}13$ and $ AC\equal{}15$, and the altitude to $ \overline{BC}$ has length $ 12$. What is the sum of the two possible values of $ BC$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 15\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 16\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 17\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 18\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 19$