Compute the number of ways to tile a $3\times5$ rectangle with one $1\times1$ tile, one $1\times2$ tile, one $1\times3$ tile, one $1\times4$, and one $1\times5$ tile. (The tiles can be rotated, and tilings that differ by rotation or reflection are considered distinct.)

Let be $\gamma_1$ a circumference of radius $r$ and $P$ an exterior point that is at distance $a$ from the centre of $\gamma_1$. We build two tangent lines $r,s$ to $\gamma_1$ from $P$ and $\gamma_2$ is constructed as a smaller circumference, tangent to both lines and, also, tangent to $\gamma_1$. We construct inductively $\gamma_{n+1}$ as a tangent circumference to $\gamma_{n}$ and, also, tangent to $r$ and $s$. Determine: a) The radius of $\gamma_2$. b) The radius of $\gamma_n$. c) The sum of the lengths of $\gamma_1, \gamma_2, \gamma_3, ...$.

A polygon of area $S$ is contained inside a square of side length $a$. Show that there are two points of the polygon that are a distance of at least $S/a$ apart.

Let $f$ be a function from the set of integers to the set of positive integers. Suppose that, for any two integers $m$ and $n$, the difference $f(m) - f(n)$ is divisible by $f(m- n)$. Prove that, for all integers $m$ and $n$ with $f(m) \leq f(n)$, the number $f(n)$ is divisible by $f(m)$. [i]Proposed by Mahyar Sefidgaran, Iran[/i]

Let $n,d$ be integers with $n,k > 1$ such that $g.c.d(n,d!) = 1$. Prove that $n$ and $n+d$ are primes if and only if $$d!d((n-1)!+1) + n(d!-1) \equiv 0 \hspace{0.2cm} (\bmod n(n+d)).$$

In a tournament each player played exactly one game against each of the other players. In each game the winner was awarded 1 point, the loser got 0 points, and each of the two players earned 1/2 point if the game was a tie. After the completion of the tournament, it was found that exactly half of the points earned by each player were earned against the ten players with the least number of points. (In particular, each of the ten lowest scoring players earned half of her/his points against the other nine of the ten). What was the total number of players in the tournament?

A game in a casino uses the diagram shown. At the start a ball appears at $S$. Each time the player presses a button, the ball moves to one of the adjacent letters with equal probability. The game ends when one of the following two things happens: (i) The ball returns to $S$, the player loses. (ii) The ball reaches $G$, the player wins. Find the probability that the player wins and the expected duration of a game.

What is that largest positive integer $n$ for which $n^3+100$ is divisible by $n+10$?

Source: 2018 Canadian Open Math Challenge Part B Problem 3 ----- The [i]doubling sum[/i] function is defined by \[D(a,n)=\overbrace{a+2a+4a+8a+...}^{\text{n terms}}.\] For example, we have \[D(5,3)=5+10+20=35\] and \[D(11,5)=11+22+44+88+176=341.\] Determine the smallest positive integer $n$ such that for every integer $i$ between $1$ and $6$, inclusive, there exists a positive integer $a_i$ such that $D(a_i,i)=n.$

Find all positive integers $n$ such that $n+ \left[ \frac{n}{6} \right] \ne \left[ \frac{n}{2} \right] + \left[ \frac{2n}{3} \right]$

For positive integers $a_1,a_2 ,\ldots,a_{2006}$ such that $\frac{a_1}{a_2},\frac{a_2}{a_3},\ldots,\frac{a_{2005}}{a_{2006}}$ are pairwise distinct, find the minimum possible amount of distinct positive integers in the set$\{a_1,a_2,...,a_{2006}\}$.

An ancient Inca legend tells that a monster lives among the mountains that when wakes up, eats everyone who read this issue. After such a task, the monster returns to the mountains and sleeps for a number of years equal to the sum of its digits of the year in which you last woke up. The monster woke up for the first time in the year $234$. a) Would the monster have woken up between the years $2005$ and $2015$? b) Will we be safe in the next $10$ years?

Let $C_k=\frac{1}{k+1}\binom{2k}{k}$ denote the $k^{\text{th}}$ Catalan number and $p$ be an odd prime. Prove that exactly half of the numbers in the set \[\left\{\sum_{k=1}^{p-1}C_kn^k\,\middle\vert\, n\in\{1,2,\ldots,p-1\}\right\}\] are divisible by $p$. [i]Tristan Shin[/i]

Let $AA_1, BB_1, CC_1$ be the altitudes of an acute-angled triangle $ABC$; $I_a$ be its excenter corresponding to $A$; $I_a'$ be the reflection of $I_a$ about the line $AA_1$. Points $I_b', I_c'$ are defined similarily. Prove that lines $A_1I_a', B_1I_b', C_1I_c'$ concur.

Find all positive integers $n$ such that the following statement holds: Suppose real numbers $a_1$, $a_2$, $\dots$, $a_n$, $b_1$, $b_2$, $\dots$, $b_n$ satisfy $|a_k|+|b_k|=1$ for all $k=1,\dots,n$. Then there exists $\varepsilon_1$, $\varepsilon_2$, $\dots$, $\varepsilon_n$, each of which is either $-1$ or $1$, such that \[ \left| \sum_{i=1}^n \varepsilon_i a_i \right| + \left| \sum_{i=1}^n \varepsilon_i b_i \right| \le 1. \]

Let the circle $\omega$ be circumscribed around the triangle $\vartriangle ABC$ with right angle $\angle A$. Tangent to the circle $\omega$ at point $A$ intersects the line $BC$ at point $D$. Point $E$ is symmetric to $A$ with respect to the line $BC$. Let $K$ be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from point $A$ on $BE$, $L$ the midpoint of $AK$. The line $BL$ intersects the circle $\omega$ for the second time at the point $N$. Prove that the line $BD$ is tangent to the circle circumscribed around the triangle $\vartriangle ADM$.

If $0 \le p \le 1$ and $0 \le q \le 1$, define $F(p, q)$ by \[ F(p, q) = -2pq + 3p(1-q) + 3(1-p)q - 4(1-p)(1-q). \] Define $G(p)$ to be the maximum of $F(p, q)$ over all $q$ (in the interval $0 \le q \le 1$). What is the value of $p$ (in the interval $0 \le p \le 1$) that minimizes $G(p)$?

A sequence of integers is constructed as follows: $a_1$ is an arbitrary three-digit number, $a_2$ is the sum of squares of the digits of $a_1, a_3$ is the sum of squares of the digits of $a_2$, etc. Prove that either $1$ or $4$ must occur in the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3, ....$

Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with $\$1$. A bell rings every $15$ seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses one of the other two players independently and at random and gives $\$1$ to that player. What is the probability that after the bell has rung $2019$ times, each player will have $\$1$? (For example, Raashan and Ted may each decide to give $\$1$ to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her dollar to Ted, at which point Raashan will have $\$0$, Sylvia would have $\$2$, and Ted would have $\$1$, and and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Raashan has no money to give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their $\$1$ to, and and the holdings will be the same as the end of the second [sic] round. $\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{7} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{1}{2} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{2}{3}$

Determine all three primes $(a, b, c)$ that satisfied the equality $a^2+ab+b^2=c^2+3$.

An angle whose degree measure is equal to $108^o$ is given . Describe how with help compass and ruler can divide this angle into three equal parts. (Yukhim Rabinovych)

An even number of politicians are sitting at a round table. After a break, they come back and sit down again in arbitrary places. Show that there must be two people with the same number of people sitting between them as before the break.. [b]Additional problem:[/b] Solve the problem when the number of people is in a form $6k+3$.

Two circles ${{c} _ {1}}, \, \, {{c} _ {2}}$ pass through the center $O$ of the circle $c$ and touch it internally in points $A$ and $B$, respectively. Prove that the line $AB$ passes though a common point of circles ${{c} _ {1}}, \, \, {{c} _ {2}} $.

We consider the division of a chess board $8 \times 8$ in p disjoint rectangles which satisfy the conditions: [b]a)[/b] every rectangle is formed from a number of full squares (not partial) from the 64 and the number of white squares is equal to the number of black squares. [b]b)[/b] the numbers $\ a_{1}, \ldots, a_{p}$ of white squares from $p$ rectangles satisfy $a_1, , \ldots, a_p.$ Find the greatest value of $p$ for which there exists such a division and then for that value of $p,$ all the sequences $a_{1}, \ldots, a_{p}$ for which we can have such a division. [color=#008000]Moderator says: see [url]https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h58591[/url][/color]

The localities $P_1, P_2, \dots, P_{1983}$ are served by ten international airlines $A_1,A_2, \dots , A_{10}$. It is noticed that there is direct service (without stops) between any two of these localities and that all airline schedules offer round-trip flights. Prove that at least one of the airlines can offer a round trip with an odd number of landings.