Points $A$, $B$, $C$ and $D$ are chosen on a line in that order, with $AB$ and $CD$ greater than $BC$. Equilateral triangles $APB$, $BCQ$ and $CDR$ are constructed so that $P$, $Q$ and $R$ are on the same side with respect to $AD$. If $\angle PQR=120^\circ$, show that \[\frac{1}{AB}+\frac{1}{CD}=\frac{1}{BC}.\]

Assume that $P$ be an arbitrary point inside of triangle $ABC$. $BP$ and $CP$ intersects $AC$ and $AB$ in $E$ and $F$, respectively. $EF$ intersects the circumcircle of $ABC$ in $B'$ and $C'$ (Point $E$ is between of $F$ and $B'$). Suppose that $B'P$ and $C'P$ intersects $BC$ in $C''$ and $B''$ respectively. Prove that $B'B''$ and $C'C''$ intersect each other on the circumcircle of $ABC$.

Find all integers $x,y,z$ such that $x^2(x^2+y)=y^{z+1}$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Let $x_1$ and $x_2$ be two congruent circles, which touch each other and the segment $BC$, and which both lie within triangle $ABC$, and for which it also holds that $x_1$ touches the segment $CA$, and that $x_2$ is the segment $AB$. Let $X$ be the contact point of these two circles $x_1$ and $x_2$. Let $y_1$ and $y_2$ two congruent circles that touch each other and the segment $CA$, and both within of triangle $ABC$, and for which it also holds that $y_1$ touches the segment $AB$, and that $y_2$ the segment $BC$. Let $Y$ be the contact point of these two circles $y_1$ and $y_2$. Let $z_1$ and $z_2$ be two congruent circles that touch each other and the segment $AB$, and both within triangle $ABC$, and for which it also holds that $z_1$ touches the segment $BC$, and that $z_2$ the segment $CA$. Let $Z$ be the contact point of these two circles $z_1$ and $z_2$. Prove that the straight lines $AX, BY$ and $CZ$ intersect at a point.

For each positive integer $ k$ and $ n,$ let $ S_k(n)$ be the base $ k$ digit sum of $ n.$ Prove that there are at most two primes $ p$ less than $20,000$ for which $ S_{31}(p)$ are composite numbers with at least two distinct prime divisors.

Answer either (i) or (ii): (i) Prove that $$\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{\cos (\log \log n)}{\log n}$$ diverges. (ii) Assume that $p>0, a>0$, and $ac-b^{2} >0,$ and show that $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{ dx\; dy}{(p+ax^2 +2bxy+ cy^2 )^{2}}= \pi p^{-1} (ac-b^{2})^{- 1\slash 2}.$$

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $M, N, P$ as midpoints of the segments $BC, CA,AB$ respectively. Suppose that $I$ is the intersection of angle bisectors of $\angle BPM, \angle MNP$ and $J$ is the intersection of angle bisectors of $\angle CN M, \angle MPN$. Denote $(\omega_1)$ as the circle of center $I$ and tangent to $MP$ at $D$, $(\omega_2)$ as the circle of center $J$ and tangent to $MN$ at $E$. a) Prove that $DE$ is parallel to $BC$. b) Prove that the radical axis of two circles $(\omega_1), (\omega_2)$ bisects the segment $DE$.

A simplified model of a bicycle of mass $M$ has two tires that each comes into contact with the ground at a point. The wheelbase of this bicycle (the distance between the points of contact with the ground) is $w$, and the center of mass of the bicycle is located midway between the tires and a height h above the ground. The bicycle is moving to the right, but slowing down at a constant rate. The acceleration has a magnitude $a$. Air resistance may be ignored. [asy] size(175); pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(4); defaultpen(dps); draw(circle((0,0),1),black+linewidth(2.5)); draw(circle((3,0),1),black+linewidth(2.5)); draw((1.5,0)--(0,0)--(1,1.5)--(2.5,1.5)--(1.5,0)--(1,1.5),black+linewidth(1)); draw((3,0)--(2.4,1.8),black+linewidth(1)); filldraw(circle((1.5,2/3),0.05),gray); draw((1.3,1.6)--(0.7,1.6)--(0.7,1.75)--cycle,black+linewidth(1)); label("center of mass of bicycle",(2.5,1.9)); draw((1.55,0.85)--(1.8,1.8),BeginArrow); draw((4.5,-1)--(4.5,2/3),BeginArrow,EndArrow); label("$h$",(4.5,-1/6),E); draw((1.5,2/3)--(4.5,2/3),dotted); draw((0,-1)--(4.5,-1),dotted); draw((0,-5/4)--(3,-5/4),BeginArrow,EndArrow); label("$w$",(3/2,-5/4),S); draw((0,-1)--(0,-6/4),dotted); draw((3,-1)--(3,-6/4),dotted); [/asy] Case 1 ([b][u]Questions 28 - 29[/u][/b]): Assume that the coefficient of sliding friction between each tire and the ground is $\mu$, and that both tires are skidding: sliding without rotating. Express your answers in terms of $w$, $h$, $M$, and $g$. What is the maximum value of $\mu$ so that both tires remain in contact with the ground? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac{w}{2h} $ $ \textbf{(B)}\ \frac{h}{2w} $ $ \textbf{(C)}\ \frac{2h}{w} $ $ \textbf{(D)}\ \frac{w}{h}$ $ \textbf{(E)}\ \text{none of the above} $

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle and $\Gamma$ its circumcircle. Let $l$ be the line tangent to $\Gamma$ at $A$. Let $D$ and $E$ be the intersections of the circumference with center $B$ and radius $AB$ with lines $l$ and $AC$, respectively. Prove the orthocenter of $ABC$ lies on line $DE$.

For all triplets $a,b,c$ of (pairwise) distinct real numbers, prove the inequality $$ \left | \dfrac {a+b} {a-b} \right | + \left | \dfrac {b+c} {b-c} \right | + \left | \dfrac {c+a} {c-a} \right | \geq 2$$ and determine all cases of equality. Prove that if we also impose $a,b,c \geq 0$, then $$ \left | \dfrac {a+b} {a-b} \right | + \left | \dfrac {b+c} {b-c} \right | + \left | \dfrac {c+a} {c-a} \right | > 3,$$ with the value $3$ being the best constant possible. ([i]Dan Schwarz[/i])

Two opposite sides of a rectangle are each divided into $n$ congruent segments, and the endpoints of one segment are joined to the center to form triangle $A$. The other sides are each divided into $m$ congruent segments, and the endpoints of one of these segments are joined to the center to form triangle $B$. [See figure for $n = 5, m = 7$.] What is the ratio of the area of triangle $A$ to the area of triangle $B$? [asy] int i; for(i=0; i<8; i=i+1) { dot((i,0)^^(i,5)); } for(i=1; i<5; i=i+1) { dot((0,i)^^(7,i)); } draw(origin--(7,0)--(7,5)--(0,5)--cycle, linewidth(0.8)); pair P=(3.5, 2.5); draw((0,4)--P--(0,3)^^(2,0)--P--(3,0)); label("$B$", (2.3,0), NE); label("$A$", (0,3.7), SE);[/asy] $\text{(A)} \ 1 \qquad \text{(B)} \ m/n \qquad \text{(C)} \ n/m \qquad \text{(D)} \ 2m/n \qquad \text{(E)} \ 2n/m$

Let $M_A, M_B, M_C$ be the midpoints of the sides $BC, CA, AB$ respectively of a non-isosceles triangle $ABC$. Points $H_A, H_B, H_C$ lie on the corresponding sides, different from $M_A, M_B, M_C$ such that $M_AH_B=M_AH_C, $ $M_BH_A=M_BH_C,$ and $M_CH_A=M_CH_B$. Prove that $H_A, H_B, H_C$ are the feet of the corresponding altitudes.

On side $AB$ of triangle $ABC$, point $M$ is selected. A straight line passing through $M$ intersects the segment $AC$ at point $N$ and the ray $CB$ at point $K$. The circumscribed circle of the triangle $AMN$ intersects $\omega$, the circumscribed circle of the triangle $ABC$, at points $A$ and $S$. Straight lines $SM$ and $SK$ intersect with $\omega$ for the second time at points $P$ and $Q$, respectively. Prove that $AC = PQ$.

Let $\vartriangle ABC$ be a triangle such that the area$ [ABC] = 10$ and $\tan (\angle ABC) = 5$. If the smallest possible value of $(\overline{AC})^2$ can be expressed as $-a + b\sqrt{c}$ for positive integers $a, b, c$, what is $a + b + c$?

In triangle $ABC$, $AB=13$, $BC=14$ and $CA=15$. Segment $BC$ is split into $n+1$ congruent segments by $n$ points. Among these points are the feet of the altitude, median, and angle bisector from $A$. Find the smallest possible value of $n$. [i]Proposed by Evan Chen[/i]

Let $x_0, x_1, x_2 \dots$ be a sequence of positive real numbers such that for all $n \geq 0$, $$x_{n+1} = \dfrac{(n^2+1)x_n^2}{x_n^3+n^2}$$ For which values of $x_0$ is this sequence bounded?

Amy and Bob play a game. They alternate turns, with Amy going first. At the start of the game, there are $20$ cookies on a red plate and $14$ on a blue plate. A legal move consists of eating two cookies taken from one plate, or moving one cookie from the red plate to the blue plate (but never from the blue plate to the red plate). The last player to make a legal move wins; in other words, if it is your turn and you cannot make a legal move, you lose, and the other player has won. Which player can guarantee that they win no matter what strategy their opponent chooses? Prove that your answer is correct.

Find all $3$-tuples $(a, b, c)$ of positive integers, with $a \geq b \geq c$, such that $a^2 + 3b$, $b^2 + 3c$, and $c^2 + 3a$ are all squares.

In the sequence of the natural (i.e. positive integers) numbers every member from the third equals the absolute value of the difference of the two previous. What is the maximal possible length of such a sequence, if every member is less or equal to $1967$?

Prove that for all $x \in \left( 0, \frac{\pi}{3} \right)$ inequality $sin2x+cosx>1$ holds.

Given $(2m+1)$ different integers, each absolute value is not greater than $(2m-1)$. Prove that it is possible to choose three numbers among them, with their sum equal to zero.

Consider a natural number $ n\equiv 9\pmod {25}. $ Prove that there exist three nonnegative integers $ a,b,c $ having the property that: $$ n=\frac{a(a+1)}{2} +\frac{b(b+1)}{2} +\frac{c(c+1)}{2} $$

Let $ a_1,a_2,...,a_n$ be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that \[ ( \sum_{i=1}^na_i)( \sum_{i=1}^na_i^{n-1}) \leq n \prod_{i=1}^na_i+ (n-1) ( \sum_{i=1}^na_i^n).\] [i]J. Suranyi[/i]

$f:R->R$ such that : $f(1)=1$ and for any $x\in R$ i) $f(x+5)\geq f(x)+5$ ii)$f(x+1)\leq f(x)+1$ If $g(x)=f(x)+1-x$ find g(2016)

A ball moves endlessly on a circular billiard table. When it hits the edge it is reflected. Show that if it passes through a point on the table three times, then it passes through it infinitely many times.