Found problems: 1187
2014 HMNT, 9
For any positive integers $a$ and $b$, define $a \oplus b$ to be the result when adding $a$ to $b$ in binary (base $2$), neglecting any carry-overs. For example, $20 \oplus 14 = 10100_2 \oplus 1110_2 = 11010_2 = 26$.
(The operation $\oplus$ is called the [i]exclusive or.[/i])
Compute the sum $$\sum^{2^{2014} -1}_{k=0} \left( k \oplus \left\lfloor \frac{k}{2} \right \rfloor \right).$$ Here $\lfloor x\rfloor$ is the greatest integer not exceeding $x$.
2014 Purple Comet Problems, 19
Let $n$ be a positive integer such that $\lfloor\sqrt n\rfloor-2$ divides $n-4$ and $\lfloor\sqrt n\rfloor+2$ divides $n+4$. Find the greatest such $n$ less than $1000$. (Note: $\lfloor x\rfloor$ refers to the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$.)
PEN P Problems, 12
The positive function $p(n)$ is defined as the number of ways that the positive integer $n$ can be written as a sum of positive integers. Show that, for all positive integers $n \ge 2$, \[2^{\lfloor \sqrt{n}\rfloor}< p(n) < n^{3 \lfloor\sqrt{n}\rfloor }.\]
2003 Romania Team Selection Test, 12
A word is a sequence of n letters of the alphabet {a, b, c, d}. A word is said to be complicated if it contains two consecutive groups of identic letters. The words caab, baba and cababdc, for example, are complicated words, while bacba and dcbdc are not. A word that is not complicated is a simple word. Prove that the numbers of simple words with n letters is greater than $2^n$, if n is a positive integer.
1992 AIME Problems, 5
Let $S$ be the set of all rational numbers $r$, $0<r<1$, that have a repeating decimal expansion in the form \[0.abcabcabc\ldots=0.\overline{abc},\] where the digits $a$, $b$, and $c$ are not necessarily distinct. To write the elements of $S$ as fractions in lowest terms, how many different numerators are required?
2022 Thailand TSTST, 3
Let $n > 1$ be a given integer. Prove that infinitely many terms of the sequence $(a_k )_{k\ge 1}$, defined by \[a_k=\left\lfloor\frac{n^k}{k}\right\rfloor,\] are odd. (For a real number $x$, $\lfloor x\rfloor$ denotes the largest integer not exceeding $x$.)
[i]Proposed by Hong Kong[/i]
1984 Iran MO (2nd round), 1
Let $f$ and $g$ be two functions such that
\[f(x)=\frac{1}{\lfloor | x | \rfloor}, \quad g(x)=\frac{1}{|\lfloor x \rfloor |}.\]
Find the domains of $f$ and $g$ and then prove that
\[\lim_{x \to -1^+} f(x)= \lim_{x \to 1^- } g(x).\]
1972 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 4
Which natural numbers cannot be presented in that way: $[n+\sqrt{n}+\frac{1}{2}]$, $n\in\mathbb{N}$
$[y]$ is the greatest integer function.
1982 Tournament Of Towns, (027) 1
Prove that for all natural numbers $n$ greater than $1$ :
$$[\sqrt{n}] + [\sqrt[3]{n}] +...+[ \sqrt[n]{n}] = [\log_2 n] + [\log_3 n] + ... + [\log_n n]$$
(VV Kisil)
1998 Estonia National Olympiad, 4
A real number $a$ satisfies the equality $\frac{1}{a} = a - [a]$. Prove that $a$ is irrational.
2011 Middle European Mathematical Olympiad, 4
Let $n \geq 3$ be an integer. At a MEMO-like competition, there are $3n$ participants, there are n languages spoken, and each participant speaks exactly three different languages. Prove that at least $\left\lceil\frac{2n}{9}\right\rceil$ of the spoken languages can be chosen in such a way that no participant speaks more than two of the chosen languages.
[b]Note.[/b] $\lceil x\rceil$ is the smallest integer which is greater than or equal to $x$.
2006 AMC 12/AHSME, 22
Suppose $ a, b,$ and $ c$ are positive integers with $ a \plus{} b \plus{} c \equal{} 2006$, and $ a!b!c! \equal{} m\cdot10^n$, where $ m$ and $ n$ are integers and $ m$ is not divisible by 10. What is the smallest possible value of $ n$?
$ \textbf{(A) } 489 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 492 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 495 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 498 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 501$
2011 USA TSTST, 8
Let $x_0, x_1, \dots , x_{n_0-1}$ be integers, and let $d_1, d_2, \dots, d_k$ be positive integers with $n_0 = d_1 > d_2 > \cdots > d_k$ and $\gcd (d_1, d_2, \dots , d_k) = 1$. For every integer $n \ge n_0$, define
\[
x_n = \left\lfloor{\frac{x_{n-d_1} + x_{n-d_2} + \cdots + x_{n-d_k}}{k}}\right\rfloor.
\]
Show that the sequence $\{x_n\}$ is eventually constant.
2003 National Olympiad First Round, 6
How many $0$s are there at the end of the decimal representation of $2000!$?
$
\textbf{(A)}\ 222
\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 499
\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 625
\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 999
\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None of the preceding}
$
1992 Tournament Of Towns, (348) 6
Consider the sequence $a(n)$ defined by the following conditions: $$a(1) = 1\,\,\,\, a(n + 1) = a(n) + [\sqrt{a(n)}] \,\,\, , \,\,\,\, n = 1,2,3,...$$
Prove that the sequence contains an infinite number of perfect squares. (Note: $[x]$ means the integer part of $x$, that is the greatest integer not greater than $x$.)
(A Andjans)
1999 AIME Problems, 6
A transformation of the first quadrant of the coordinate plane maps each point $(x,y)$ to the point $(\sqrt{x},\sqrt{y}).$ The vertices of quadrilateral $ABCD$ are $A=(900,300), B=(1800,600), C=(600,1800),$ and $D=(300,900).$ Let $k$ be the area of the region enclosed by the image of quadrilateral $ABCD.$ Find the greatest integer that does not exceed $k.$
1976 IMO Longlists, 44
A circle of radius $1$ rolls around a circle of radius $\sqrt{2}$. Initially, the tangent point is colored red. Afterwards, the red points map from one circle to another by contact. How many red points will be on the bigger circle when the center of the smaller one has made $n$ circuits around the bigger one?
1996 Korea National Olympiad, 3
Let $a=\lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor$ for given positive integer $n.$
Express the summation $\sum_{k=1}^{n}\lfloor \sqrt{k} \rfloor$ in terms of $n$ and $a.$
2022 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Moldova, 10
Solve in the set $R$ the equation
$$2 \cdot [x] \cdot \{x\} = x^2 - \frac32 \cdot x - \frac{11}{16}$$
where $[x]$ and $\{x\}$ represent the integer part and the fractional part of the real number $x$, respectively.
2008 District Olympiad, 3
Prove that if $ n\geq 4$, $ n\in\mathbb Z$ and $ \left \lfloor \frac {2^n}{n} \right\rfloor$ is a power of 2, then $ n$ is also a power of 2.
2013 Federal Competition For Advanced Students, Part 2, 1
For each pair $(a,b)$ of positive integers, determine all non-negative integers $n$ such that \[b+\left\lfloor{\frac{n}{a}}\right\rfloor=\left\lceil{\frac{n+b}{a}}\right\rceil.\]
2010 Switzerland - Final Round, 8
In a village with at least one inhabitant, there are several associations. Each inhabitant is a member of at least $ k$ associations, and any two associations have at most one common member.
Prove that at least $ k$ associations have the same number of members.
1983 Miklós Schweitzer, 12
Let $ X_1,X_2,\ldots, X_n$ be independent, identically distributed, nonnegative random variables with a common continuous distribution function $ F$. Suppose in addition that the inverse of $ F$, the quantile function $ Q$, is also continuous and $ Q(0)=0$. Let $ 0=X_{0: n} \leq X_{1: n} \leq \ldots \leq X_{n: n}$ be the ordered sample from the above random variables. Prove that if $ EX_1$ is finite, then the random variable \[ \Delta = \sup_{0\leq y \leq 1} \left| \frac 1n \sum_{i=1}^{\lfloor ny \rfloor +1} (n+1-i)(X_{i: n}-X_{i-1: n})- \int_0^y (1-u)dQ(u) \right|\] tends to zero with probability one as $ n \rightarrow \infty$.
[i]S. Csorgp, L. Horvath[/i]
2010 Contests, 1
Prove that in each year , the $13^{th}$ day of some month occurs on a Friday .
2010 India National Olympiad, 2
Find all natural numbers $ n > 1$ such that $ n^{2}$ does $ \text{not}$ divide $ (n \minus{} 2)!$.