Find all triples of natural numbers $(a, b, c)$ for which the number $$2^a + 2^b + 2^c + 3$$ is the square of an integer.

In $\triangle ABC$, let its incircle touch $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{AB}$ at $E$ and $F$ respectively. Let its $A$-excircle have center $I_A$ and touch $\overline{BC}$ at $K$. Let $P$ and $Q$ be points so that $BFPI_A$ and $CEQI_A$ are parallelograms. If $\overline{AI_A}$ and $\overline{PQ}$ intersect at $X$, prove $\overline{KX} \perp \overline{PQ}$.

Triangle $ABC$ has $AB = 5$, $BC = 7$, $CA = 8$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$ and let points $P$ and $Q$ lie on $AB$ and $AC$ respectively such that $MP \perp AB$ and $MQ \perp AC$. If $H$ is the orthocenter of $\triangle{APQ}$ then the area of $\triangle{HPM}$ can be expressed in the form $\frac{a\sqrt{b}}{c}$ where $a$ and $c$ are relatively prime positive integers and $b$ is square-free. Find $a+b+c$. [i]Proposed by Harry Kim[/i]

Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral with an inscribed circle centered at $I$. Let $CI$ intersect $AB$ at $E$. If $\angle IDE=35^\circ$, $\angle ABC=70^\circ$, and $\angle BCD=60^\circ$, then what are all possible measures of $\angle CDA$?

In a triangle $ABC$, let $H, I$ and $O$ be the orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre, respectively. If the points $B, H, I, C$ lie on a circle, what is the magnitude of $\angle BOC$ in degrees?

Consider the recursive sequence defined by $a_{n+1}=a_n^n+1,$ with $a_1=0.$ What is the last digit of $a_{2024}$?

Let $D{}$ be a point inside the triangle $ABC$. Let $E{}$ and $F{}$ be the projections of $D{}$ onto $AB$ and $AC$, respectively. The lines $BD$ and $CD$ intersect the circumcircle of $ABC$ the second time at $M{}$ and $N{}$, respectively. Prove that \[\frac{EF}{MN}\geqslant \frac{r}{R},\]where $r{}$ and $R{}$ are the inradius and circumradius of $ABC$, respectively.

Let $P(x)$ be a monic polynomial of degree $4$ such that for $k = 1, 2, 3$, the remainder when $P(x)$ is divided by $x - k$ is equal to $k$. Find the value of $P(4) + P(0)$.

It is given that there exists a unique triple of positive primes $(p,q,r)$ such that $p<q<r$ and \[\dfrac{p^3+q^3+r^3}{p+q+r} = 249.\] Find $r$.

Let $N$ be the set $\{1, 2, \dots, 2018\}$. For each subset $A$ of $N$ with exactly $1009$ elements, define $$f(A)=\sum\limits_{i \in A} i \sum\limits_{j \in N, j \notin A} j.$$If $\mathbb{E}[f(A)]$ is the expected value of $f(A)$ as $A$ ranges over all the possible subsets of $N$ with exactly $1009$ elements, find the remainder when the sum of the distinct prime factors of $\mathbb{E}[f(A)]$ is divided by $1000$. [i]Proposed by [b]FedeX333X[/b][/i]

Prove that there exists a triangle which can be cut into 2005 congruent triangles.

A majority of the $30$ students in Ms. Demeanor's class bought pencils at the school bookstore. Each of these students bought the same number of pencils, and this number was greater than $1$. The cost of a pencil in cents was greater than the number of pencils each student bought, and the total cost of all the pencils was $\$17.71$. What was the cost of a pencil in cents? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 7 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 11 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 17 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 23 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 77 $

Given posetive real numbers $a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n$ such that $a_1^2+2a_2^3+\dots+na_n^{n+1} <1.$ Prove that $2a_1+3a_2^2+\dots+(n+1)a_{n}^n <3.$

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with orthocenter $H$. The circle through $B, H$, and $C$ intersects lines $AB$ and $AC$ at $D$ and $E$ respectively, and segment $DE$ intersects $HB$ and $HC$ at $P$ and $Q$ respectively. Two points $X$ and $Y$, both different from $A$, are located on lines $AP$ and $AQ$ respectively such that $X, H, A, B$ are concyclic and $Y, H, A, C$ are concyclic. Show that lines $XY$ and $BC$ are parallel.

Prove that for each positive integer $n,$ the number $10^{10^{10^n}}+10^{10^n}+10^n-1$ is not prime.

An arbitrary point $M$ is selected in the interior of the segment $AB$. The square $AMCD$ and $MBEF$ are constructed on the same side of $AB$, with segments $AM$ and $MB$ as their respective bases. The circles circumscribed about these squares, with centers $P$ and $Q$, intersect at $M$ and also at another point $N$. Let $N'$ denote the point of intersection of the straight lines $AF$ and $BC$. a) Prove that $N$ and $N'$ coincide; b) Prove that the straight lines $MN$ pass through a fixed point $S$ independent of the choice of $M$; c) Find the locus of the midpoints of the segments $PQ$ as $M$ varies between $A$ and $B$.

Find all natural numbers $ n$ for which every natural number whose decimal representation has $ n \minus{} 1$ digits $ 1$ and one digit $ 7$ is prime.

All of the triangles in the diagram below are similar to iscoceles triangle $ABC$, in which $AB=AC$. Each of the 7 smallest triangles has area 1, and $\triangle ABC$ has area 40. What is the area of trapezoid $DBCE$? [asy] unitsize(5); dot((0,0)); dot((60,0)); dot((50,10)); dot((10,10)); dot((30,30)); draw((0,0)--(60,0)--(50,10)--(30,30)--(10,10)--(0,0)); draw((10,10)--(50,10)); label("$B$",(0,0),SW); label("$C$",(60,0),SE); label("$E$",(50,10),E); label("$D$",(10,10),W); label("$A$",(30,30),N); draw((10,10)--(15,15)--(20,10)--(25,15)--(30,10)--(35,15)--(40,10)--(45,15)--(50,10)); draw((15,15)--(45,15)); [/asy] $\textbf{(A) } 16 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 18 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 20 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 22 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 24 $

5) A projectile is launched with speed $v_0$ off the edge of a cliff of height $h$, at an angle $\theta$ above the horizontal. Air friction is negligible. To maximize the horizontal range of the projectile, $\theta$ should satisfy which of the following? A) $45^{\circ} < \theta < 90^{\circ}$ B) $\theta = 45^{\circ}$ C) $0^{\circ} < \theta < 45^{\circ}$ D) $\theta = 0^{\circ}$ E) $0^{\circ} < \theta < 45^{\circ}$ or $45^{\circ} < \theta < 90^{\circ}$ depending on the values of $h$ and $v_0$.

Three palaces, each rotating on a duck leg, make a full round in $30$, $50$, and $70$ days, respectively. Today, at noon, all three palaces face northwards. In how many days will they all face southwards?

1. Leah has 13 coins, all of which are pennies and nickels. If she had one more nickel than she has now, then she would have the same number of pennies and nickels. In cents, how much are Leah's coins worth? ${ \textbf{(A)}\ \ 33\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 35\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 37\qquad\textbf{(D)}}\ 39\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 41 $

Let $x_0,x_1,x_2,\ldots$ be a sequence of rational numbers defined recursively as follows: $x_0$ can be any rational number and, for $n\ge 0$, \[ x_{n+1}=\begin{cases} \left|\frac{x_n}2-1\right| & \text{if the numerator of }x_n\text{ is even}, \\ \left|\frac1{x_n}-1\right| & \text{if the numerator of }x_n\text{ is odd},\end{cases} \] where by numerator of a rational number we mean the numerator of the fraction in its lowest terms. Prove that for any value of $x_0$: (a) the sequence contains only finitely many distinct terms; (b) the sequence contains exactly one of the numbers $0$ and $2/3$ (namely, either there exists an index $k$ such that $x_k=0$, or there exists an index $m$ such that $x_m=2/3$, but not both).

With the conditions $a,b,c\in\mathbb{R^+}$ and $a+b+c=1$, prove that \[\frac{7+2b}{1+a}+\frac{7+2c}{1+b}+\frac{7+2a}{1+c}\geq\frac{69}{4}\]

Let $a$ and $b$ be positive real numbers with $a^2 + b^2 =\frac12$. Prove that $$\frac{1}{1 - a}+\frac{1}{1-b}\ge 4.$$ When does equality hold? [i](Walther Janous)[/i]

Let $p$ be a prime such that $p\mid 2a^2-1$ for some integer $a$. Show that there exist integers $b,c$ such that $p=2b^2-c^2$.