Find the least prime factor of the number $\frac{2016^{2016}-3}{3}$.

Distinct positive integers $A$ and $B$ are given$.$ Prove that there exist infinitely many positive integers that can be represented both as $x_{1}^2+Ay_{1}^2$ for some positive coprime integers $x_{1}$ and $y_{1},$ and as $x_{2}^2+By_{2}^2$ for some positive coprime integers $x_{2}$ and $y_{2}.$ [i](Golovanov A.S.)[/i]

Tom has a collection of $13$ snakes, $4$ of which are purple and $5$ of which are happy. He observes that $\bullet$ all of his happy snakes can add $\bullet$ none of his purple snakes can subtract, and $\bullet$ all of his snakes that can’t subtract also can’t add Which of these conclusions can be drawn about Tom’s snakes? $\textbf{(A)}$ Purple snakes can add. $\textbf{(B)}$ Purple snakes are happy. $\textbf{(C)}$ Snakes that can add are purple. $\textbf{(D)}$ Happy snakes are not purple. $\textbf{(E)}$ Happy snakes can't subtract.

Let the lines $e$ and $f$ be perpendicular and intersect each other at $H$. Let $A$ and $B$ lie on $e$ and $C$ and $D$ lie on $f$, such that all five points $A,B,C,D$ and $H$ are distinct. Let the lines $b$ and $d$ pass through $B$ and $D$ respectively, perpendicularly to $AC$; let the lines $a$ and $c$ pass through $A$ and $C$ respectively, perpendicularly to $BD$. Let $a$ and $b$ intersect at $X$ and $c$ and $d$ intersect at $Y$. Prove that $XY$ passes through $H$.

Consider a triangle $\vartriangle ACE$ with $\angle ACE = 45^o$ and $\angle CEA = 75^o$. Define points $Q, R$, and $P$ such that $AQ$, $CR$, and $EP$ are the altitudes of $\vartriangle ACE$. Let $H$ be the intersection of $AQ$, $CR$, and $EP$. Next define points $B, D$, and $F$ as follows. Extend $EP$ to point $B$ such that $BP = HP$, extend $AQ$ to point $D$ such that $DQ = HQ$, and extend $CR$ to point $F$ such that $F R = HR$. Finally, lengths $CH = 2$, $AH =\sqrt2$, and $EH =\sqrt3 - 1$. Compute the area of hexagon $ABCDEF$.

Show that for each positive integer $n$, there is a positive integer $k$ such that the decimal representation of each of the numbers $k, 2k,\ldots, nk$ contains all of the digits $0, 1, 2,\ldots, 9$.

Let $\{a_i\}_{i=0}^\infty$ be a sequence of real numbers such that \[\sum_{n=1}^\infty\dfrac {x^n}{1-x^n}=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3x^3+\cdots\] for all $|x|<1$. Find $a_{1000}$. [i]Proposed by David Altizio[/i]

Find the smallest integer $n$ for which it's possible to cut a square into $2n$ squares of two sizes: $n$ squares of one size, and $n$ squares of another size. [i](Proposed by Bogdan Rublov)[/i]

For a $\triangle ABC$ , let $A_1$ be the symmetric point of the intersection of angle bisector of $\angle BAC$ and $BC$ , where center of the symmetry is the midpoint of side $BC$, In the same way we define $B_1 $ ( on $AC$ ) and $C_1$ (on $AB$). Intersection of circumcircle of $\triangle A_1B_1C_1$ and line $AB$ is the set $\{Z,C_1 \}$, with $BC$ is the set $\{X,A_1\}$ and with $CA$ is the set $\{Y,B_1\}$. If the perpendicular lines from $X,Y,Z$ on $BC,CA$ and $ AB$ , respectively are concurrent , prove that $\triangle ABC$ is isosceles.

Let $m$ be a positive integer, and consider a $m\times m$ checkerboard consisting of unit squares. At the centre of some of these unit squares there is an ant. At time $0$, each ant starts moving with speed $1$ parallel to some edge of the checkerboard. When two ants moving in the opposite directions meet, they both turn $90^{\circ}$ clockwise and continue moving with speed $1$. When more than $2$ ants meet, or when two ants moving in perpendicular directions meet, the ants continue moving in the same direction as before they met. When an ant reaches one of the edges of the checkerboard, it falls off and will not re-appear. Considering all possible starting positions, determine the latest possible moment at which the last ant falls off the checkerboard, or prove that such a moment does not necessarily exist. [i]Proposed by Toomas Krips, Estonia[/i]

The [i]fibboican[/i] sequence $a_1,\ a_2,\ \dots$, is defined by $a_1 = a_2 = 1$, and for integers $k \geq 3$, [list] [*] $a_k = a_{k-1} + a_{k-2}$ if $k$ is odd [*] $\frac {1}{a_k} = \frac {1}{a_{k-1}} + \frac {1}{a_{k-2}}$ if $k$ is even. [/list] Prove that, for each integer $m\ge 1$, the numerator of $a_m$ (when written in simplest form) is a power of $2$. [i]Eric Shen (CAN)[/i]

What is the value of $1 + 7 + 21 + 35 + 35 + 21 + 7 + 1$?

Given a regular triangle $ABC$, whose area is $1$, and the point $P$ on its circumscribed circle. Lines $AP, BP, CP$ intersect, respectively, lines $BC, CA, AB$ at points $A', B', C'$. Find the area of the triangle $A'B'C'$.

Find the function $f(x)$ such that : \[f(x)=\cos x+\int_0^{2\pi} f(y)\sin (x-y)\ dy\]

A sequence is called an [i]arithmetic progression of the first order[/i] if the differences of the successive terms are constant. It is called an [i]arithmetic progression of the second order[/i] if the differences of the successive terms form an arithmetic progression of the first order. In general, for $k\geq 2$, a sequence is called an [i]arithmetic progression of the $k$-th order[/i] if the differences of the successive terms form an arithmetic progression of the $(k-1)$-th order. The numbers \[4,6,13,27,50,84\] are the first six terms of an arithmetic progression of some order. What is its least possible order? Find a formula for the $n$-th term of this progression.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. The line through $A$ tangent to the circumcircle of $ABC$ intersects line $BC$ at point $W$. Points $X,Y \neq A$ lie on lines $AC$ and $AB$, respectively, such that $WA=WX=WY$. Point $X_1$ lies on line $AB$ such that $\angle AXX_1 = 90^{\circ}$, and point $X_2$ lies on line $AC$ such that $\angle AX_1X_2 = 90^{\circ}$. Point $Y_1$ lies on line $AC$ such that $\angle AYY_1 = 90^{\circ}$, and point $Y_2$ lies on line $AB$ such that $\angle AY_1Y_2 = 90^{\circ}$. Let lines $AW$ and $XY$ intersect at point $Z$, and let point $P$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $A$ to line $X_2Y_2$. Let line $ZP$ intersect line $BC$ at $U$ and the perpendicular bisector of segment $BC$ at $V$. Suppose that $C$ lies between $B$ and $U$. Let $x$ be a positive real number. Suppose that $AB=x+1$, $AC=3$, $AV=x$, and $\frac{BC}{CU}=x$. Then $x=\frac{\sqrt{k}-m}{n}$ for positive integers $k$,$m$, and $n$ such that $k$ is not divisible by the square of any integer greater than $1$. Compute $100k+10m+n$. [i]Proposed by Ankit Bisain, Luke Robitaille, and Brandon Wang[/i]

Evaluate $ \int_0^1 \sqrt{\frac{x\plus{}\sqrt{x^2\plus{}1}}{x^2\plus{}1}}\ dx$.

Can the number \( \overline{abc} + \overline{bca} + \overline{cab} \) be a perfect square?

Determine all pairs $(x, y)$ of positive integers such that \[\sqrt[3]{7x^2-13xy+7y^2}=|x-y|+1.\] [i]Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA[/i]

Let $ABC$ be a scalene triangle, and points $O$ and $H$ be its circumcenter and orthocenter, respectively. Point $P$ lies inside triangle $AHO$ and satisfies $\angle AHP = \angle POA$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of segment $\overline{OP}$. Suppose that $BM$ and $CM$ intersect with the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ again at $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Prove that line $XY$ passes through the circumcenter of triangle $APO$. [i]Proposed by Li4[/i]

If $x+y^{-99}=3$ and $x+y=-2$, find the sum of all possible values of $x$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle. Circle $\Gamma$ passes through $A$, meets segments $AB$ and $AC$ again at points $D$ and $E$ respectively, and intersects segment $BC$ at $F$ and $G$ such that $F$ lies between $B$ and $G$. The tangent to circle $BDF$ at $F$ and the tangent to circle $CEG$ at $G$ meet at point $T$. Suppose that points $A$ and $T$ are distinct. Prove that line $AT$ is parallel to $BC$. (Nigeria)

Let $ x,y,z$ be positive real numbers, show that $ \frac {xy}{z} \plus{} \frac {yz}{x} \plus{} \frac {zx}{y} > 2\sqrt [3]{x^3 \plus{} y^3 \plus{} z^3}.$

A circle with center $O$ passes through points $A$ and $C$ and intersects the sides $AB$ and $BC$ of triangle $ABC$ at points $K$ and $N$, respectively. The circumcircles of triangles $ABC$ and $KBN$ meet at distinct points $B$ and $M$. Prove that $\angle OMB = 90^o$.

There are 21 competitors with distinct skill levels numbered 1, 2,..., 21. They participate in a ping-pong tournament as follows. First, a random competitor is chosen to be "active", while the rest are "inactive." Every round, a random inactive competitor is chosen to play against the current active one. The player with the higher skill will win and become (or remain) active, while the loser will be eliminated from the tournament. The tournament lasts for 20 rounds, after which there will only be one player remaining. Alice is the competitor with skill 11. What is the expected number of games that she will get to play?