Given prime number $p$. $a_1,a_2 \cdots a_k$ ($k \geq 3$) are integers not divible by $p$ and have different residuals when divided by $p$. Let \[ S_n= \{ n \mid 1 \leq n \leq p-1, (na_1)_p < \cdots < (na_k)_p \} \] Here $(b)_p$ denotes the residual when integer $b$ is divided by $p$. Prove that $|S|< \frac{2p}{k+1}$.

The diagram below shows a $ 4\times4$ rectangular array of points, each of which is $ 1$ unit away from its nearest neighbors. [asy]unitsize(0.25inch); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); int i, j; for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) for(j = 0; j < 4; ++j) dot(((real)i, (real)j));[/asy]Define a [i]growing path[/i] to be a sequence of distinct points of the array with the property that the distance between consecutive points of the sequence is strictly increasing. Let $ m$ be the maximum possible number of points in a growing path, and let $ r$ be the number of growing paths consisting of exactly $ m$ points. Find $ mr$.

Meredith drives 5 miles to the northeast, then 15 miles to the southeast, then 25 miles to the southwest, then 35 miles to the northwest, and finally 20 miles to the northeast. How many miles is Meredith from where she started?

Let $a,b,c,d$ be positive integers such that $a+b+c+d=99$. Find the maximum and minimum of product $abcd$

Let $n \ge 2$ be an integer. Let $S$ be a set of $n$ elements and let $A_i, 1 \le i \le m$, be distinct subsets of $S$ of size at least $2$ such that $A_i \cap A_j \ne \emptyset$, $A_i \cap A_k \ne \emptyset$, $A_j \cap A_k \ne \emptyset$ imply $A_i \cap A_j \cap A_k \ne \emptyset$. Show that $m \le 2^{n-1}$ -

Given three infinite arithmetic progressions of natural numbers such that each of the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 belongs to at least one of them, prove that the number 1980 also belongs to at least one of them.

Cary has six distinct coins in a jar. Occasionally, he takes out three of the coins and adds a dot to each of them. Determine the number of orders in which Cary can choose the coins so that, eventually, for each number $i \in \{0, 1, . . . , 5\}$, some coin has exactly $i$ dots on it.

There are $n$ students standing in a circle, one behind the other. The students have heights $h_1<h_2<\dots <h_n$. If a student with height $h_k$ is standing directly behind a student with height $h_{k-2}$ or less, the two students are permitted to switch places. Prove that it is not possible to make more than $\binom{n}{3}$ such switches before reaching a position in which no further switches are possible.

There is a broken computer such that only three primitive data $c$, $1$ and $-1$ are reserved. Only allowed operation may take $u$ and $v$ and output $u \cdot v + v.$ At the beginning, $u,v \in \{c, 1, -1\}.$ After then, it can also take the value of the previous step (only one step back) besides $\{c, 1, -1\}$. Prove that for any polynomial $P_{n}(x) = a_0 \cdot x^n + a_1 \cdot x^{n-1} + \ldots + a_n$ with integer coefficients, the value of $P_n(c)$ can be computed using this computer after only finite operation.

For each positive integer $n\ge2$, find a polynomial $P_n(x)$ with rational coefficients such that $\displaystyle P_n(\sqrt[n]2)=\frac1{1+\sqrt[n]2}$. (Note that $\sqrt[n]2$ denotes the positive $n^\text{th}$ root of $2$.)

Joseph rolls a fair 6-sided dice repeatedly until he gets 3 of the same side in a row. What is the expected value of the number of times he rolls? [i]Lightning 3.1[/i]

At an IMOTC party, all people have pairwise distinct ages. Some pairs of people are friends and friendship is mutual. Call a person [i]junior[/i] if they are younger than all their friends, and [i]senior[/i] if they are older than all their friends. A person with no friends is both [i]junior[/i] and [i]senior[/i]. A sequence of pairwise distinct people $A_1, \dots, A_m$ is called [i]photogenic[/i] if: 1. $A_1$ is [i]junior[/i], 2. $A_m$ is [i]senior[/i], and 3. $A_i$ and $A_{i+1}$ are friends, and $A_{i+1}$ is older than $A_i$ for all $1 \leq i \leq m-1$. Let $k$ be a positive integer such that for every [i]photogenic[/i] sequence $A_1, \dots, A_m$, $m$ is not divisible by $k$. Prove that the people at the party can be partitioned into $k$ groups so that no two people in the same group are friends. [i]Proposed by Shantanu Nene[/i]

Find all triples $(a,b,c)$ of positive real numbers satisfying the system of equations \[ a\sqrt{b}-c \&= a,\qquad b\sqrt{c}-a \&= b,\qquad c\sqrt{a}-b \&= c. \]

In triangle $ABC$, $Q$ and $R$ are points on segments $AC$ and $AB$, respectively, and $P$ is the intersection of $CR$ and $BQ$. If $AR=RB=CP$ and $CP=PQ$, find $ \angle BRC $.

Suppose that a sequence $a_0, a_1, \ldots$ of real numbers is defined by $a_0=1$ and \[a_n=\begin{cases}a_{n-1}a_0+a_{n-3}a_2+\cdots+a_0a_{n-1} & \text{if }n\text{ odd}\\a_{n-1}a_1+a_{n-3}a_3+\cdots+a_1a_{n-1} & \text{if }n\text{ even}\end{cases}\] for $n\geq1$. There is a positive real number $r$ such that \[a_0+a_1r+a_2r^2+a_3r^3+\cdots=\frac{5}{4}.\] If $r$ can be written in the form $\frac{a\sqrt{b}-c}{d}$ for positive integers $a,b,c,d$ such that $b$ is not divisible by the square of any prime and $\gcd (a,c,d)=1,$ then compute $a+b+c+d$. [i]Proposed by Tristan Shin[/i]

The real numbers $x$, $y$, $z$, and $t$ satisfy the following equation: \[2x^2 + 4xy + 3y^2 - 2xz -2 yz + z^2 + 1 = t + \sqrt{y + z - t} \] Find 100 times the maximum possible value for $t$.

Consider $S=\{1, 2, 3, \cdots, 6n\}$, $n>1$. Find the largest $k$ such that the following statement is true: every subset $A$ of $S$ with $4n$ elements has at least $k$ pairs $(a,b)$, $a<b$ and $b$ is divisible by $a$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle and let $P$ be a point not lying on any of the three lines $AB$, $BC$, or $CA$. Distinct points $D$, $E$, and $F$ lie on lines $BC$, $AC$, and $AB$, respectively, such that $\overline{DE}\parallel \overline{CP}$ and $\overline{DF}\parallel \overline{BP}$. Show that there exists a point $Q$ on the circumcircle of $\triangle AEF$ such that $\triangle BAQ$ is similar to $\triangle PAC$. [i]Andrew Gu[/i]

The line $\ell$ is perpendicular to the side $AC$ of the acute triangle $ABC$ and intersects this side at point $K$, and the circumcribed circle $\vartriangle ABC$ at points $P$ and $T$ (point P on the other side of line $AC$, as the vertex $B$). Denote by $P_1$ and $T_1$ - the projections of the points $P$ and $T$ on line $AB$, with the vertices $A, B$ belong to the segment $P_1T_1$. Prove that the center of the circumscribed circle of the $\vartriangle P_1KT_1$ lies on a line containing the midline $\vartriangle ABC$, which is parallel to the side $AC$. (Anton Trygub)

Given $n$ real numbers $a_1 \leq a_2 \leq \cdots \leq a_n$, define \[M_1=\frac 1n \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i , \quad M_2=\frac{2}{n(n-1)} \sum_{1 \leq i<j \leq n} a_ia_j, \quad Q=\sqrt{M_1^2-M_2}\] Prove that \[a_1 \leq M_1 - Q \leq M_1 + Q \leq a_n\] and that equality holds if and only if $a_1 = a_2 = \cdots = a_n.$

Evaluate $\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \ln (1+\sqrt[3]{\sin \theta})\cos \theta\ d\theta.$

Let ${ABC}$ be an acute angled triangle, let ${O}$ be its circumcentre, and let ${D,E,F}$ be points on the sides ${BC,CA,AB}$, respectively. The circle ${(c_1)}$ of radius ${FA}$, centered at ${F}$, crosses the segment ${OA}$ at ${A'}$ and the circumcircle ${(c)}$ of the triangle ${ABC}$again at ${K}$. Similarly, the circle ${(c_2)}$ of radius $DB$, centered at $D$, crosses the segment $\left( OB \right)$ at ${B}'$ and the circle ${(c)}$ again at ${L}$. Finally, the circle ${(c_3)}$ of radius $EC$, centered at $E$, crosses the segment $\left( OC \right)$at ${C}'$ and the circle ${(c)}$ again at ${M}$. Prove that the quadrilaterals $BKF{A}',CLD{B}'$ and $AME{C}'$ are all cyclic, and their circumcircles share a common point. Evangelos Psychas (Greece)

Let $C_1,C_2,..., C_n$ , $(n\ge 3)$ be circles having a common point $M$. Three straight lines passing through $M$ intersect again the circles in $A_1, A_2,..., A_n$ ; $B_1,B_2,..., B_n$ and $X_1,X_2,..., X_n$ respectively. Prove that if $$A_1A_2 =A_2A_3 =...=A_{n-1}A_n$$ and $$B_1B_2 =B_2B_3 =...=B_{n-1}B_n$$ then $$X_1X_2 =X_2X_3 =...=X_{n-1}X_n.$$

Given a point $p$ inside a convex polyhedron $P$. Show that there is a face $F$ of $P$ such that the foot of the perpendicular from $p$ to $F$ lies in the interior of $F$.

Is there a positive integer $N>10^{20}$ such that all its decimal digits are odd, the numbers of digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 in its decimal representation are equal, and it is divisible by each 20-digit number obtained from it by deleting digits? (Neither deleted nor remaining digits must be consecutive.)