Found problems: 476
2016 IMO Shortlist, A1
Let $a$, $b$, $c$ be positive real numbers such that $\min(ab,bc,ca) \ge 1$. Prove that $$\sqrt[3]{(a^2+1)(b^2+1)(c^2+1)} \le \left(\frac{a+b+c}{3}\right)^2 + 1.$$
[i]Proposed by Tigran Margaryan, Armenia[/i]
2015 ELMO Problems, 2
Let $m$, $n$, and $x$ be positive integers. Prove that \[ \sum_{i = 1}^n \min\left(\left\lfloor \frac{x}{i} \right\rfloor, m \right) = \sum_{i = 1}^m \min\left(\left\lfloor \frac{x}{i} \right\rfloor, n \right). \]
[i]Proposed by Yang Liu[/i]
2007 Germany Team Selection Test, 2
Let $ ABCD$ be a trapezoid with parallel sides $ AB > CD$. Points $ K$ and $ L$ lie on the line segments $ AB$ and $ CD$, respectively, so that $AK/KB=DL/LC$. Suppose that there are points $ P$ and $ Q$ on the line segment $ KL$ satisfying \[\angle{APB} \equal{} \angle{BCD}\qquad\text{and}\qquad \angle{CQD} \equal{} \angle{ABC}.\] Prove that the points $ P$, $ Q$, $ B$ and $ C$ are concyclic.
[i]Proposed by Vyacheslev Yasinskiy, Ukraine[/i]
2017 Iran Team Selection Test, 5
In triangle $ABC$, arbitrary points $P,Q$ lie on side $BC$ such that $BP=CQ$ and $P$ lies between $B,Q$.The circumcircle of triangle $APQ$ intersects sides $AB,AC$ at $E,F$ respectively.The point $T$ is the intersection of $EP,FQ$.Two lines passing through the midpoint of $BC$ and parallel to $AB$ and $AC$, intersect $EP$ and $FQ$ at points $X,Y$ respectively.
Prove that the circumcircle of triangle $TXY$ and triangle $APQ$ are tangent to each other.
[i]Proposed by Iman Maghsoudi[/i]
2010 USAMO, 3
The 2010 positive numbers $a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_{2010}$ satisfy the inequality $a_ia_j \le i+j$ for all distinct indices $i, j$. Determine, with proof, the largest possible value of the product $a_1a_2\ldots a_{2010}$.
2015 Peru IMO TST, 6
Let $n > 1$ be a given integer. Prove that infinitely many terms of the sequence $(a_k )_{k\ge 1}$, defined by \[a_k=\left\lfloor\frac{n^k}{k}\right\rfloor,\] are odd. (For a real number $x$, $\lfloor x\rfloor$ denotes the largest integer not exceeding $x$.)
[i]Proposed by Hong Kong[/i]
2018 Romanian Masters in Mathematics, 4
Let $a,b,c,d$ be positive integers such that $ad \neq bc$ and $gcd(a,b,c,d)=1$. Let $S$ be the set of values attained by $\gcd(an+b,cn+d)$ as $n$ runs through the positive integers. Show that $S$ is the set of all positive divisors of some positive integer.
2018 IMO, 2
Find all integers $n \geq 3$ for which there exist real numbers $a_1, a_2, \dots a_{n + 2}$ satisfying $a_{n + 1} = a_1$, $a_{n + 2} = a_2$ and
$$a_ia_{i + 1} + 1 = a_{i + 2},$$
for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$.
[i]Proposed by Patrik Bak, Slovakia[/i]
2005 USAMO, 4
Legs $L_1, L_2, L_3, L_4$ of a square table each have length $n$, where $n$ is a positive integer. For how many ordered 4-tuples $(k_1, k_2, k_3, k_4)$ of nonnegative integers can we cut a piece of length $k_i$ from the end of leg $L_i \; (i=1,2,3,4)$ and still have a stable table?
(The table is [i]stable[/i] if it can be placed so that all four of the leg ends touch the floor. Note that a cut leg of length 0 is permitted.)
2016 Belarus Team Selection Test, 3
Let $m$ and $n$ be positive integers such that $m>n$. Define $x_k=\frac{m+k}{n+k}$ for $k=1,2,\ldots,n+1$. Prove that if all the numbers $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{n+1}$ are integers, then $x_1x_2\ldots x_{n+1}-1$ is divisible by an odd prime.
1995 USAMO, 4
Suppose $\, q_{0}, \, q_{1}, \, q_{2}, \ldots \; \,$ is an infinite sequence of integers satisfying the following two conditions:
(i) $\, m-n \,$ divides $\, q_{m}-q_{n}\,$ for $\, m > n \geq 0,$
(ii) there is a polynomial $\, P \,$ such that $\, |q_{n}| < P(n) \,$ for all $\, n$
Prove that there is a polynomial $\, Q \,$ such that $\, q_{n}= Q(n) \,$ for all $\, n$.
2017 ELMO Shortlist, 3
For each integer $C>1$ decide whether there exist pairwise distinct positive integers $a_1,a_2,a_3,...$ such that for every $k\ge 1$, $a_{k+1}^k$ divides $C^ka_1a_2...a_k$.
[i]Proposed by Daniel Liu
2011 IMO Shortlist, 2
Suppose that $1000$ students are standing in a circle. Prove that there exists an integer $k$ with $100 \leq k \leq 300$ such that in this circle there exists a contiguous group of $2k$ students, for which the first half contains the same number of girls as the second half.
[i]Proposed by Gerhard Wöginger, Austria[/i]
2006 IMO Shortlist, 5
If $a,b,c$ are the sides of a triangle, prove that
\[\frac{\sqrt{b+c-a}}{\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}-\sqrt{a}}+\frac{\sqrt{c+a-b}}{\sqrt{c}+\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}}+\frac{\sqrt{a+b-c}}{\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}\leq 3 \]
[i]Proposed by Hojoo Lee, Korea[/i]
2005 IMO, 2
Let $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ be a sequence of integers with infinitely many positive and negative terms. Suppose that for every positive integer $n$ the numbers $a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n$ leave $n$ different remainders upon division by $n$.
Prove that every integer occurs exactly once in the sequence $a_1,a_2,\ldots$.
2008 Estonia Team Selection Test, 3
Let $ n$ be a positive integer, and let $ x$ and $ y$ be a positive real number such that $ x^n \plus{} y^n \equal{} 1.$ Prove that
\[ \left(\sum^n_{k \equal{} 1} \frac {1 \plus{} x^{2k}}{1 \plus{} x^{4k}} \right) \cdot \left( \sum^n_{k \equal{} 1} \frac {1 \plus{} y^{2k}}{1 \plus{} y^{4k}} \right) < \frac {1}{(1 \minus{} x) \cdot (1 \minus{} y)}.
\]
[i]Author: Juhan Aru, Estonia[/i]
Russian TST 2021, P2
Let $ABCD$ be a cyclic quadrilateral. Points $K, L, M, N$ are chosen on $AB, BC, CD, DA$ such that $KLMN$ is a rhombus with $KL \parallel AC$ and $LM \parallel BD$. Let $\omega_A, \omega_B, \omega_C, \omega_D$ be the incircles of $\triangle ANK, \triangle BKL, \triangle CLM, \triangle DMN$.
Prove that the common internal tangents to $\omega_A$, and $\omega_C$ and the common internal tangents to $\omega_B$ and $\omega_D$ are concurrent.
2022 Germany Team Selection Test, 2
Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram with $AC=BC.$ A point $P$ is chosen on the extension of ray $AB$ past $B.$ The circumcircle of $ACD$ meets the segment $PD$ again at $Q.$ The circumcircle of triangle $APQ$ meets the segment $PC$ at $R.$ Prove that lines $CD,AQ,BR$ are concurrent.
2017 IMO Shortlist, A5
An integer $n \geq 3$ is given. We call an $n$-tuple of real numbers $(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n)$ [i]Shiny[/i] if for each permutation $y_1, y_2, \dots, y_n$ of these numbers, we have
$$\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n-1} y_i y_{i+1} = y_1y_2 + y_2y_3 + y_3y_4 + \cdots + y_{n-1}y_n \geq -1.$$
Find the largest constant $K = K(n)$ such that
$$\sum \limits_{1 \leq i < j \leq n} x_i x_j \geq K$$
holds for every Shiny $n$-tuple $(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n)$.
2014 Taiwan TST Round 1, 5
Prove that there exist infinitely many positive integers $n$ such that the largest prime divisor of $n^4 + n^2 + 1$ is equal to the largest prime divisor of $(n+1)^4 + (n+1)^2 +1$.
2006 Germany Team Selection Test, 3
Consider a $m\times n$ rectangular board consisting of $mn$ unit squares. Two of its unit squares are called [i]adjacent[/i] if they have a common edge, and a [i]path[/i] is a sequence of unit squares in which any two consecutive squares are adjacent. Two parths are called [i]non-intersecting[/i] if they don't share any common squares.
Each unit square of the rectangular board can be colored black or white. We speak of a [i]coloring[/i] of the board if all its $mn$ unit squares are colored.
Let $N$ be the number of colorings of the board such that there exists at least one black path from the left edge of the board to its right edge. Let $M$ be the number of colorings of the board for which there exist at least two non-intersecting black paths from the left edge of the board to its right edge.
Prove that $N^{2}\geq M\cdot 2^{mn}$.
2021 Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 5
The vertices of a convex $2550$-gon are colored black and white as follows: black, white, two black, two white, three black, three white, ..., 50 black, 50 white. Dania divides the polygon into quadrilaterals with diagonals that have no common points. Prove that there exists a quadrilateral among these, in which two adjacent vertices are black and the other two are white.
[i]D. Rudenko[/i]
2018 All-Russian Olympiad, 2
Let $n\geq 2$ and $x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n}$ positive real numbers. Prove that
\[\frac{1+x_{1}^2}{1+x_{1}x_{2}}+\frac{1+x_{2}^2}{1+x_{2}x_{3}}+\cdots+\frac{1+x_{n}^2}{1+x_{n}x_{1}}\geq n.\]
2018 IMO Shortlist, N4
Let $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$ be an infinite sequence of positive integers. Suppose that there is an integer $N > 1$ such that, for each $n \geq N$, the number
$$\frac{a_1}{a_2} + \frac{a_2}{a_3} + \cdots + \frac{a_{n-1}}{a_n} + \frac{a_n}{a_1}$$
is an integer. Prove that there is a positive integer $M$ such that $a_m = a_{m+1}$ for all $m \geq M$.
[i]Proposed by Bayarmagnai Gombodorj, Mongolia[/i]
Russian TST 2020, P1
The infinite sequence $a_0,a _1, a_2, \dots$ of (not necessarily distinct) integers has the following properties: $0\le a_i \le i$ for all integers $i\ge 0$, and \[\binom{k}{a_0} + \binom{k}{a_1} + \dots + \binom{k}{a_k} = 2^k\] for all integers $k\ge 0$. Prove that all integers $N\ge 0$ occur in the sequence (that is, for all $N\ge 0$, there exists $i\ge 0$ with $a_i=N$).