Olympiad problems

2012 Canadian Mathematical Olympiad Qualification Repechage, 1

The front row of a movie theatre contains $45$ seats. [list] [*] (a) If $42$ people are sitting in the front row, prove that there are $10$ consecutive seats that are all occupied. [*] (b) Show that this conclusion doesn’t necessarily hold if only $41$ people are sitting in the front row.[/list]

2016 Romanian Masters in Mathematic, 1

Tags: geometry

Let $ABC$ be a triangle and let $D$ be a point on the segment $BC, D\neq B$ and $D\neq C$. The circle $ABD$ meets the segment $AC$ again at an interior point $E$. The circle $ACD$ meets the segment $AB$ again at an interior point $F$. Let $A'$ be the reflection of $A$ in the line $BC$. The lines $A'C$ and $DE$ meet at $P$, and the lines $A'B$ and $DF$ meet at $Q$. Prove that the lines $AD, BP$ and $CQ$ are concurrent (or all parallel).

1998 Tuymaada Olympiad, 6

Tags: number theory , periodic , periodic sequence , digit

Prove that the sequence of the first digits of the numbers in the form $2^n+3^n$ is nonperiodic.

2006 Mathematics for Its Sake, 2

Tags: linear algebra , linear algebra equation , matrix equation , induction , matrix

Let be a natural number $ n. $ Solve in the set of $ 2\times 2 $ complex matrices the equation $$ \begin{pmatrix} -2& 2007\\ 0&-2 \end{pmatrix} =X^{3n}-3X^n. $$ [i]Petru Vlad[/i]

2024 Romanian Master of Mathematics, 3

Tags: geometry , combinatorics , linear algebra , combinatorial geometry , set

Given a positive integer $n$, a collection $\mathcal{S}$ of $n-2$ unordered triples of integers in $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ is [i]$n$-admissible[/i] if for each $1 \leq k \leq n - 2$ and each choice of $k$ distinct $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_k \in \mathcal{S}$ we have $$ \left|A_1 \cup A_2 \cup \cdots A_k \right| \geq k+2.$$ Is it true that for all $n > 3$ and for each $n$-admissible collection $\mathcal{S}$, there exist pairwise distinct points $P_1, \ldots , P_n$ in the plane such that the angles of the triangle $P_iP_jP_k$ are all less than $61^{\circ}$ for any triple $\{i, j, k\}$ in $\mathcal{S}$? [i]Ivan Frolov, Russia[/i]

2016 Peru MO (ONEM), 2

Tags: combinatorics , tiles , tiling , domino

How many dominoes can be placed on a at least $3 \times 12$ board, such so that it is impossible to place a $1\times 3$, $3 \times 1$, or $ 2 \times 2$ tile on what remains of the board? Clarification: Each domino covers exactly two squares on the board. The chips cannot overlap.

2005 iTest, 2

Tags: number theory

When $1^0 + 2^1 + 3^2 + ...+ 100^{99}$ is divided by $5$, a remainder of $N$ is obtained such that $N$ is between $0$ and $4$ inclusive. Find $N$. [i](.1 point)[/i]

2018 Tajikistan Team Selection Test, 6

Tags:

Problem 6. Let H be orthocenter of an acute-angled triangle ABC. Points E,F are on the segments AB,AC respectively, such that BE=BH,CF=CH. The lines EH,FH meet BC in X,Y respectively. Draw the perpendicular HZ from H to EF. Prove that the circumcircle of triangle XYZ is tangent to the circle with diameter BC.

2018 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 9

Tags: probability , expected value

$20$ players are playing in a Super Mario Smash Bros. Melee tournament. They are ranked $1-20$, and player $n$ will always beat player $m$ if $n<m$. Out of all possible tournaments where each player plays $18$ distinct other players exactly once, one is chosen uniformly at random. Find the expected number of pairs of players that win the same number of games.

1998 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 4

Tags: greatest integer function , number theory

Prove that $n + \big[ (\sqrt{2} + 1)^n\big] $ is odd for all positive integers $n$. $\big[ x \big]$ denotes the greatest integer function.

2012 Serbia Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: circumcircle , radical axis , geometry

Let $P$ and $Q$ be points inside triangle $ABC$ satisfying $\angle PAC=\angle QAB$ and $\angle PBC=\angle QBA$. a) Prove that feet of perpendiculars from $P$ and $Q$ on the sides of triangle $ABC$ are concyclic. b) Let $D$ and $E$ be feet of perpendiculars from $P$ on the lines $BC$ and $AC$ and $F$ foot of perpendicular from $Q$ on $AB$. Let $M$ be intersection point of $DE$ and $AB$. Prove that $MP\bot CF$.

1956 Moscow Mathematical Olympiad, 324

Tags: point , combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , distance , geometry , circles

a) What is the least number of points that can be chosen on a circle of length $1956$, so that for each of these points there is exactly one chosen point at distance $1$, and exactly one chosen point at distance $2$ (distances are measured along the circle)? b) On a circle of length $15$ there are selected $n$ points such that for each of them there is exactly one selected point at distance $1$ from it, and exactly one is selected point at distance $2$ from it. (All distances are measured along the circle.) Prove that $n$ is divisible by $10$.

2010 Korea National Olympiad, 3

Tags: geometry , incenter , inradius , trigonometry , circumcircle , angle bisector , power of a point

Let $ I $ be the incenter of triangle $ ABC $. The incircle touches $ BC, CA, AB$ at points $ P, Q, R $. A circle passing through $ B , C $ is tangent to the circle $I$ at point $ X $, a circle passing through $ C , A $ is tangent to the circle $I$ at point $ Y $, and a circle passing through $ A , B $ is tangent to the circle $I$ at point $ Z $, respectively. Prove that three lines $ PX, QY, RZ $ are concurrent.

2016 JBMO Shortlist, 1

Tags: inequality , algebra

Let $a, b, c$ be positive real numbers such that $abc = 8$. Prove that $\frac{ab + 4}{a + 2}+\frac{bc + 4}{b + 2}+\frac{ca + 4}{c + 2}\ge 6$.

Indonesia MO Shortlist - geometry, g3

Tags: geometry , congruent triangles , circles

Suppose $L_1$ is a circle with center $O$, and $L_2$ is a circle with center $O'$. The circles intersect at $ A$ and $ B$ such that $\angle OAO' = 90^o$. Suppose that point $X$ lies on the circumcircle of triangle $OAB$, but lies inside $L_2$. Let the extension of $OX$ intersect $L_1$ at $Y$ and $Z$. Let the extension of $O'X$ intersect $L_2$ at $W$ and $V$ . Prove that $\vartriangle XWZ$ is congruent with $\vartriangle XYV$.

2017 Auckland Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: number theory , divisible , digit , divide

The positive integer $N = 11...11$, whose decimal representation contains only ones, is divisible by $7$. Prove that this positive integer is also divisible by $13$.

2012 Philippine MO, 1

Tags: probability , combinatorics

A computer generates even integers half of the time and another computer generates even integers a third of the time. If $a_i$ and $b_i$ are the integers generated by the computers, respectively, at time $i$, what is the probability that $a_1b_1 +a_2b_2 +\cdots + a_kb_k$ is an even integer.

2001 Flanders Math Olympiad, 1

Tags:

may be challenge for beginner section, but anyone is able to solve it if you really try. show that for every natural $n > 1$ we have: $(n-1)^2|\ n^{n-1}-1$

1989 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 488

Tags: combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , tiling

Can $77$ blocks each $3 \times 3 \times1$ be assembled to form a $7 \times 9 \times 11$ block?

LMT Speed Rounds, 2016.20

Tags:

Find the number of partitions of the set $\{1,2,3,\cdots ,11,12\}$ into three nonempty subsets such that no subset has two elements which differ by $1$. [i]Proposed by Nathan Ramesh

2007 Indonesia TST, 3

Tags: combinatorics

On each vertex of a regular $ n\minus{}$gon there was a crow. Call this as initial configuration. At a signal, they all flew by and after a while, those $ n$ crows came back to the $ n\minus{}$gon, one crow for each vertex. Call this as final configuration. Determine all $ n$ such that: there are always three crows such that the triangle they formed in the initial configuration and the triangle they formed in the final configuration are both right-angled triangle.

2012 NIMO Problems, 13

Tags: induction

For the NEMO, Kevin needs to compute the product \[ 9 \times 99 \times 999 \times \cdots \times 999999999. \] Kevin takes exactly $ab$ seconds to multiply an $a$-digit integer by a $b$-digit integer. Compute the minimum number of seconds necessary for Kevin to evaluate the expression together by performing eight such multiplications. [i]Proposed by Evan Chen[/i]

1991 Tournament Of Towns, (292) 2

Tags: geometry , triangle construction , geometric construction

Two points $K$ and $L$ are given on a circle. Construct a triangle $ABC$ so that its vertex $C$ and the intersection points of its medians $AK$ and $BL$ both lie on the circle, $K$ and $L$ being the midpoints of its sides $BC$ and $AC$.

2012 AMC 12/AHSME, 11

Tags: probability , counting , distinguishability , factorial

Alex, Mel, and Chelsea play a game that has $6$ rounds. In each round there is a single winner, and the outcomes of the rounds are independent. For each round the probability that Alex wins is $\frac{1}{2}$, and Mel is twice as likely to win as Chelsea. What is the probability that Alex wins three rounds, Mel wins two rounds, and Chelsea wins one round? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac{5}{72}\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \frac{5}{36}\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \frac{1}{6}\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \frac{1}{3}\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 1 $

2014 Kazakhstan National Olympiad, 2

Tags: function , algebra

$\mathbb{Q}$ is set of all rational numbers. Find all functions $f:\mathbb{Q}\times\mathbb{Q}\rightarrow\mathbb{Q}$ such that for all $x$, $y$, $z$ $\in\mathbb{Q}$ satisfy $f(x,y)+f(y,z)+f(z,x)=f(0,x+y+z)$