Olympiad problems

1997 Belarusian National Olympiad, 3

Tags: inequalities

Let $\ a,x,y,z>0$. Prove that: $\frac{a+y}{a+z}x+\frac{a+z}{a+x}y+\frac{a+x}{a+y}z\geq{x+y+z}\geq\frac{a+z}{a+x}x+\frac{a+x}{a+y}y+\frac{a+y}{a+z}z$

Russian TST 2022, P2

Tags: geometry , parallelogram , equal angles

In parallelogram $ABCD$ with acute angle $A$ a point $N$ is chosen on the segment $AD$, and a point $M$ on the segment $CN$ so that $AB = BM = CM$. Point $K$ is the reflection of $N$ in line $MD$. The line $MK$ meets the segment $AD$ at point $L$. Let $P$ be the common point of the circumcircles of $AMD$ and $CNK$ such that $A$ and $P$ share the same side of the line $MK$. Prove that $\angle CPM = \angle DPL$.

2006 Princeton University Math Competition, 3

Tags: algebra

Find all real solutions $(x,y)$ to the equation $y^4+2y^2+8x^2+16x^4 = 24xy-8$.

1978 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 258

Tags: number theory , relatively prime

Let $f(x) = x^2 - x + 1$. Prove that for every natural $m>1$ the numbers $$m, f(m), f(f(m)), ...$$ are relatively prime.

2024 Nordic, 2

Tags: geometry

There exists a quadrilateral $\mathcal{Q} _{1}$ such that the midpoints of its sides lie on a circle. Prove that there exists a cyclic quadrilateral $\mathcal{Q} _{2}$ with the same sides as $\mathcal{Q} _{1}$ with two of the same angles.

2024-IMOC, N7

Tags: number theory , functional equation

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ such that $$|xf(y)-yf(x)|$$ is a perfect square for every $x,y \in \mathbb{N}$

1998 Turkey Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: combinatorics

Suppose $n$ houses are to be assigned to $n$ people. Each person ranks the houses in the order of preference, with no ties. After the assignment is made, it is observed that every other assignment would assign to at least one person a less preferred house. Prove that there is at least one person who received the house he/she preferred most under this assignment.

2014 Peru IMO TST, 4

Tags: number theory

A positive integer is called lonely if the sum of the reciprocals of its positive divisors (including 1 and itself) is different from the sum of the reciprocals of the positive divisors of any positive integer. a) Prove that every prime number is lonely. b) Prove that there are infinitely many positive integers that are not lonely.

2004 Alexandru Myller, 4

Tags: continuity , function , darboux s property , darboux , real analysis , monotone

Let be a real function that has the intermediate value property and is monotone on the irrationals. Show that it's continuous. [i]Mihai Piticari[/i]

2022 Brazil National Olympiad, 2

Tags: geometry , angle chasing , geometric transformation , reflection

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle, with $AB<AC$. Let $K$ be the midpoint of the arch $BC$ that does not contain $A$ and let $P$ be the midpoint of $BC$. Let $I_B,I_C$ be the $B$-excenter and $C$-excenter of $ABC$, respectively. Let $Q$ be the reflection of $K$ with respect to $A$. Prove that the points $P,Q,I_B,I_C$ are concyclic.

2012 Grigore Moisil Intercounty, 3

Tags: centroid , center of mass , vector geometry , geometry

Let $ M,N,P $ on the sides $ AB,BC,CA, $ respectively, of a triangle $ ABC $ such that $ AM=BN=CP $ and such that $$ AB\cdot \overrightarrow{AT} +BC\cdot \overrightarrow{BT} +CA\cdot \overrightarrow{CT} =0, $$ where $ T $ is the centroid of $ MNP. $ Prove that $ ABC $ is equilateral.

2016 Latvia National Olympiad, 5

Tags: function , analytic geometry , geometry

Consider the graphs of all the functions $y = x^2 + px + q$ having 3 different intersection points with the coordinate axes. For every such graph we pick these 3 intersection points and draw a circumcircle through them. Prove that all these circles have a common point!

2025 Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad, P9

Tags: altitude , geometry , similarity , parallel lines , congruent triangles

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle and $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $A$ onto $BC$. A semicircle with diameter $BC$ intersects segments $AB, AC$ and $AD$ in the points $F, E$ and $X$, respectively. The circumcircles of the triangles $DEX$ and $DXF$ intersect $BC$ in $L$ and $N$, respectively, other than $D$. Prove that $BN = LC$.

2023 LMT Fall, 4

Tags: speed , combi

The numbers $1$, $2$, $3$, and $4$ are randomly arranged in a $2$ by $2$ grid with one number in each cell. Find the probability the sum of two numbers in the top row of the grid is even. [i]Proposed by Muztaba Syed and Derek Zhao[/i] [hide=Solution] [i]Solution. [/i]$\boxed{\dfrac{1}{3}}$ Pick a number for the top-left. There is one number that makes the sum even no matter what we pick. Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\dfrac{1}{3}}$.[/hide]

2019 Polish Junior MO First Round, 4

Tags: number theory , remainder

Positive integers $a, b, c$ have the property that: $\bullet$ $a$ gives remainder $2$ when divided by $b$, $\bullet$ $b$ gives remainder $2$ when divided by $c$, $\bullet$ $c$ gives remainder $4$ when divided by $a$. Prove that $c = 4$.

2007 IMO Shortlist, 2

Tags: circumcircle , reflection , cyclic quadrilateral , mixtilinear incircle , geometry

Denote by $ M$ midpoint of side $ BC$ in an isosceles triangle $ \triangle ABC$ with $ AC = AB$. Take a point $ X$ on a smaller arc $ \overarc{MA}$ of circumcircle of triangle $ \triangle ABM$. Denote by $ T$ point inside of angle $ BMA$ such that $ \angle TMX = 90$ and $ TX = BX$. Prove that $ \angle MTB - \angle CTM$ does not depend on choice of $ X$. [i]Author: Farzan Barekat, Canada[/i]

2004 Romania Team Selection Test, 18

Tags: modular arithmetic , quadratic , number theory

Let $p$ be a prime number and $f\in \mathbb{Z}[X]$ given by \[ f(x) = a_{p-1}x^{p-2} + a_{p-2}x^{p-3} + \cdots + a_2x+ a_1 , \] where $a_i = \left( \tfrac ip\right)$ is the Legendre symbol of $i$ with respect to $p$ (i.e. $a_i=1$ if $ i^{\frac {p-1}2} \equiv 1 \pmod p$ and $a_i=-1$ otherwise, for all $i=1,2,\ldots,p-1$). a) Prove that $f(x)$ is divisible with $(x-1)$, but not with $(x-1)^2$ iff $p \equiv 3 \pmod 4$; b) Prove that if $p\equiv 5 \pmod 8$ then $f(x)$ is divisible with $(x-1)^2$ but not with $(x-1)^3$. [i]Sugested by Calin Popescu.[/i]

2022 Chile National Olympiad, 6

Tags: number theory

Determine if there is a power of 5 that begins with 2022.

2024 AMC 12/AHSME, 6

Tags:

The national debt of the United States is on track to reach $5 \cdot 10^{13}$ dollars by $2033$. How many digits does this number of dollars have when written as a numeral in base $5$? (The approximation of $\log_{10} 5$ as $0.7$ is sufficient for this problem.) $ \textbf{(A) }18 \qquad \textbf{(B) }20 \qquad \textbf{(C) }22 \qquad \textbf{(D) }24 \qquad \textbf{(E) }26 \qquad $

2007 Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests - Moldova, 1

Tags: number theory , digit , sum , product , sum of digits

The numbers $d_1, d_2,..., d_6$ are distinct digits of the decimal number system other than $6$. Prove that $d_1+d_2+...+d_6= 36$ if and only if $(d_1-6) (d_2-6) ... (d_6 -6) = -36$.

2011 Poland - Second Round, 3

Tags: polynomial , calculus , integration , algebra

There are two given different polynomials $P(x),Q(x)$ with real coefficients such that $P(Q(x))=Q(P(x))$. Prove that $\forall n\in \mathbb{Z_{+}}$ polynomial: \[\underbrace{P(P(\ldots P(P}_{n}(x))\ldots))- \underbrace{Q(Q(\ldots Q(Q}_{n}(x))\ldots))\] is divisible by $P(x)-Q(x)$.

1996 IMO Shortlist, 2

Tags: algebra , sequence , inequality

Let $ a_1 \geq a_2 \geq \ldots \geq a_n$ be real numbers such that for all integers $ k > 0,$ \[ a^k_1 \plus{} a^k_2 \plus{} \ldots \plus{} a^k_n \geq 0.\] Let $ p \equal{}\max\{|a_1|, \ldots, |a_n|\}.$ Prove that $ p \equal{} a_1$ and that \[ (x \minus{} a_1) \cdot (x \minus{} a_2) \cdots (x \minus{} a_n) \leq x^n \minus{} a^n_1\] for all $ x > a_1.$

2003 Purple Comet Problems, 24

Tags: trigonometry

In $\triangle ABC$, $\angle A = 30^{\circ}$ and $AB = AC = 16$ in. Let $D$ lie on segment $BC$ such that $\frac{DB}{DC} = \frac23$ . Let $E$ and $F$ be the orthogonal projections of $D$ onto $AB$ and $AC$, respectively. Find $DE + DF$ in inches.

2017 ASDAN Math Tournament, 26

Tags:

A lattice point is a coordinate pair $(a,b)$ where both $a,b$ are integers. What is the number of lattice points $(x,y)$ that satisfy $\tfrac{x^2}{2017}+\tfrac{2y^2}{2017}<1$ and $y\equiv2x\pmod{7}$? Let $C$ be the actual answer, $A$ be the answer you submit, and $D=|A-C|$. Your score will be rounded up from $\max(0,25-e^{D/100})$.

1993 All-Russian Olympiad, 2

Tags: parallelogram , geometry

A convex quadrilateral intersects a circle at points $A_1,A_2,B_1,B_2,C_1,C_2,D_1,$ and $D_2$. (Note that for some letter $N$, points $N_1$ and $N_2$ are on one side of the quadrilateral. Also, the points lie in that specific order on the circle.) Prove that if $A_1B_2=B_1C_2=C_1D_2= D_1A_2$, then quadrilateral formed by these four segments is cyclic.