Olympiad problems

1997 Baltic Way, 18

Tags: combinatorics

a) Prove the existence of two infinite sets $A$ and $B$, not necessarily disjoint, of non-negative integers such that each non-negative integer $n$ is uniquely representable in the form $n=a+b$ with $a\in A,b\in B$. b) Prove that for each such pair $(A,B)$, either $A$ or $B$ contains only multiples of some integer $k>1$.

1956 Putnam, A7

Tags: binomial coefficient

Prove that the number of odd binomial coefficients in any finite binomial expansion is a power of $2.$

2009 Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 7

Tags: algebra

Discriminants of square trinomials $f(x),g(x),h(x),f(x)+g(x),f(x)+h(x),g(x)+h(x)$ equals $1$. Prove that $f(x)+h(x)+g(x) \equiv 0$

2005 South East Mathematical Olympiad, 4

Tags: function , modular arithmetic , number theory

Find all positive integer solutions $(a, b, c)$ to the function $a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} = 2005$, where $a \leq b \leq c$.

2005 Purple Comet Problems, 8

Tags: number theory , relatively prime

The number $1$ is special. The number $2$ is special because it is relatively prime to $1$. The number $3$ is not special because it is not relatively prime to the sum of the special numbers less than it, $1 + 2$. The number $4$ is special because it is relatively prime to the sum of the special numbers less than it. So, a number bigger than $1$ is special only if it is relatively prime to the sum of the special numbers less than it. Find the twentieth special number.

1959 AMC 12/AHSME, 2

Tags: altitude , area

Through a point $P$ inside the triangle $ABC$ a line is drawn parallel to the base $AB$, dividing the triangle into two equal areas. If the altitude to $AB$ has a length of $1$, then the distance from $P$ to $AB$ is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac12 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \frac14\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 2-\sqrt2\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \frac{2-\sqrt2}{2}\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \frac{2+\sqrt2}{8} $

2023 Belarus - Iran Friendly Competition, 4

Tags: geometry , incircle

Let $\Gamma$ be the incircle of a non-isosceles triangle $ABC$, $I$ be it’s incenter. Let $A_1, B_1, C_1$ be the tangency points of $\Gamma$ with the sides $BC, AC, AB$ respectively. Let $A_2 = \Gamma \cap AA_1$, $M = C_1B_1 \cap AI$, $P$ and $Q$ be the other (different from $A_1$ and $A_2$) intersection points of $\Gamma$ and $A_1M$, $A_2M$ respectively. Prove that $A$, $P$ and $Q$ are colinear.

2021-2022 OMMC, 15

Tags:

Let $1 = x_{1} < x_{2} < \dots < x_{k} = n$ denote the sequence of all divisors $x_{1}, x_{2} \dots x_{k}$ of $n$ in increasing order. Find the smallest possible value of $n$ such that $$n = x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} +x_{3}^{2} + x_{4}^{2}.$$ [i]Proposed by Justin Lee[/i]

2018 Finnish National High School Mathematics Comp, 2

Tags: angle bisector , sidelengths , geometry

The sides of triangle $ABC$ are $a = | BC |, b = | CA |$ and $c = | AB |$. Points $D, E$ and $F$ are the points on the sides $BC, CA$ and $AB$ such that $AD, BE$ and $CF$ are the angle bisectors of the triangle $ABC$. Determine the lengths of the segments $AD, BE$, and $CF$ in terms of $a, b$, and $c$.

KoMaL A Problems 2023/2024, A. 858

Tags: quadratic residue , number theory , diophantine equation

Prove that the only integer solution of the following system of equations is $u=v=x=y=z=0$: $$uv=x^2-5y^2, (u+v)(u+2v)=x^2-5z^2$$

2008 May Olympiad, 3

Tags: number theory , prime

In numbers $1010... 101$ Ones and zeros alternate, if there are $n$ ones, there are $n -1$ zeros ($n \ge 2$ ).Determine the values of $n$ for which the number $1010... 101$, which has $n$ ones, is prime.

2020 Philippine MO, 2

Tags: algebra

Determine all positive integers $k$ for which there exist positive integers $r$ and $s$ that satisfy the equation $$(k^2-6k+11)^{r-1}=(2k-7)^{s}.$$

2020 Tournament Of Towns, 5

Tags: right angle , trapezoid , equal segments , trapezium , geometry

Let $ABCD$ be an inscribed trapezoid. The base $AB$ is $3$ times longer than $CD$. Tangents to the circumscribed circle at the points $A$ and $C$ intersect at the point $K$. Prove that the angle $KDA$ is a right angle. Alexandr Yuran

2012 Dutch IMO TST, 1

Tags: perfect power , number theory , prime , gcd , greatest common divisor

For all positive integers $a$ and $b$, we dene $a @ b = \frac{a - b}{gcd(a, b)}$ . Show that for every integer $n > 1$, the following holds: $n$ is a prime power if and only if for all positive integers $m$ such that $m < n$, it holds that $gcd(n, n @m) = 1$.

2019 Taiwan APMO Preliminary Test, P4

Tags: algebra , floor function , sequence , recursive

We define a sequence ${a_n}$: $$a_1=1,a_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_n+n^2},n=1,2,...$$ (1)Find $\lfloor a_{2019}\rfloor$ (2)Find $\lfloor a_{1}^2\rfloor+\lfloor a_{2}^2\rfloor+...+\lfloor a_{20}^2\rfloor$

1975 Dutch Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: inequalities , sum , algebra

Given are the real numbers $x_1,x_2,...,x_n$ and $t_1,t_2,...,t_n$ for which holds: $\sum_{i=1}^n x_i = 0$. Prove that $$\sum_{i=1}^n \left( \sum_{j=1}^n (t_i-t_j)^2x_ix_j \right)\le 0.$$

2023 Assam Mathematics Olympiad, 8

Tags:

If $n$ is a positive even number, find the last two digits of $(2^{6n}+26)-(6^{2n}-62)$.

1987 AIME Problems, 11

Tags: calculus , integration , quadratic , inequalities , algorithm , algebra

Find the largest possible value of $k$ for which $3^{11}$ is expressible as the sum of $k$ consecutive positive integers.

2021 Bangladeshi National Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: number theory , integer part , floor function

Let $r$ be a positive real number. Denote by $[r]$ the integer part of $r$ and by $\{r\}$ the fractional part of $r$. For example, if $r=32.86$, then $\{r\}=0.86$ and $[r]=32$. What is the sum of all positive numbers $r$ satisfying $25\{r\}+[r]=125$?

2006 National Olympiad First Round, 16

Tags: inequalities

How many positive integer tuples $ (x_1,x_2,\dots, x_{13})$ are there satisfying the inequality $x_1+x_2+\dots + x_{13}\leq 2006$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac{2006!}{13!1993!} \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ \frac{2006!}{14!1992!} \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ \frac{1993!}{12!1981!} \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \frac{1993!}{13!1980!} \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None of above} $

LMT Theme Rounds, 10

Tags:

Let $S=\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}.$ Find the number of bijective functions $f:S\rightarrow S$ for which there exist exactly $6$ bijective functions $g:S\rightarrow S$ such that $f(g(x))=g(f(x))$ for all $x\in S$. [i]Proposed by Nathan Ramesh

IV Soros Olympiad 1997 - 98 (Russia), 11.2

Tags: number theory , divisor

Find the three-digit number that has the greatest number of different divisors.

2024 Belarusian National Olympiad, 10.7

Tags: number theory

Let's call a pair of positive integers $(k,n)$ [i]interesting[/i] if $n$ is composite and for every divisor $d<n$ of $n$ at least one of $d-k$ and $d+k$ is also a divisor of $n$ Find the number of interesting pairs $(k,n)$ with $k \leq 100$ [i]M. Karpuk[/i]

2023 India Regional Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: number theory

For any natural number $n$, expressed in base 10 , let $s(n)$ denote the sum of all its digits. Find all natural numbers $m$ and $n$ such that $m<n$ and $$ (s(n))^2=m \text { and }(s(m))^2=n . $$

2023 Brazil Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: combinatorics , integer sequence

A $\pm 1$-[i]sequence[/i] is a sequence of $2022$ numbers $a_1, \ldots, a_{2022},$ each equal to either $+1$ or $-1$. Determine the largest $C$ so that, for any $\pm 1$-sequence, there exists an integer $k$ and indices $1 \le t_1 < \ldots < t_k \le 2022$ so that $t_{i+1} - t_i \le 2$ for all $i$, and $$\left| \sum_{i = 1}^{k} a_{t_i} \right| \ge C.$$