For each finite set $ U$ of nonzero vectors in the plane we define $ l(U)$ to be the length of the vector that is the sum of all vectors in $ U.$ Given a finite set $ V$ of nonzero vectors in the plane, a subset $ B$ of $ V$ is said to be maximal if $ l(B)$ is greater than or equal to $ l(A)$ for each nonempty subset $ A$ of $ V.$ (a) Construct sets of 4 and 5 vectors that have 8 and 10 maximal subsets respectively. (b) Show that, for any set $ V$ consisting of $ n \geq 1$ vectors the number of maximal subsets is less than or equal to $ 2n.$

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ which satisfy the following relationship for all $x,y\in\mathbb{R}:$\[f(f(y-x)-xf(y))+f(x)=y\cdot(1-f(x)).\]

Find the number of integers $a$ with $1\le a\le 2012$ for which there exist nonnegative integers $x,y,z$ satisfying the equation \[x^2(x^2+2z) - y^2(y^2+2z)=a.\] [i]Ray Li.[/i] [hide="Clarifications"][list=1][*]$x,y,z$ are not necessarily distinct.[/list][/hide]

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with incenter $I,$ circumcenter $O,$ and $A$-excenter $J_A.$ The incircle of $\triangle{ABC}$ touches side $BC$ at a point $D.$ Lines $OI$ and $J_AD$ meet at a point $K.$ Line $AK$ meets the circumcircle of $\triangle{ABC}$ again at a point $L \neq A.$ If $BD=11, CD=5,$ and $AO=10,$ the length of $DL$ can be expressed as $\tfrac{m\sqrt{p}}{n},$ where $m,n,p$ are positive integers, $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime, and $p$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m+n+p.$

Given a positive integer $n$, let $D$ be the set of all positive divisors of $n$. The subsets $A,B$ of $D$ satisfies that for any $a \in A$ and $b \in B$, it holds that $a \nmid b$ and $b \nmid a$. Show that \[ \sqrt{|A|}+\sqrt{|B|} \le \sqrt{|D|}. \]

In the cube $ABCDA'B'C'D'$, with side $a$, the plane $(AB'D')$ intersects the planes $(A'BC),(A'CD),(A'DB)$ after the lines $d_1,d_2$ and $d_3$ respectively. a) Show that the lines $d_1,d_2,d_3$ intersect pairwise. b) Determine the area of the triangle formed by these three lines.

One test is a multiple choice test with $5$ questions, each with $4$ options, $2000$ candidates, each choosing only one answer for each item.Find the smallest possible integer $n$ that gives a student's answer sheet the following properties: In the student's answer sheet $n$, there are four sheets in it. Any two of the four tiles have exactly the same three answers. [i](tatari/nightmare)[/i]

$\triangle{ABC}$ is isosceles$(AB=AC)$. Points $P$ and $Q$ exist inside the triangle such that $Q$ lies inside $\widehat{PAC}$ and $\widehat{PAQ} = \frac{\widehat{BAC}}{2}$. We also have $BP=PQ=CQ$.Let $X$ and $Y$ be the intersection points of $(AP,BQ)$ and $(AQ,CP)$ respectively. Prove that quadrilateral $PQYX$ is cyclic. [i](20 Points)[/i]

A point $X$ is marked on the base $BC$ of an isosceles $\triangle ABC$, and points $P$ and $Q$ are marked on the sides $AB$ and $AC$ so that $APXQ$ is a parallelogram. Prove that the point $Y$ symmetrical to $X$ with respect to line $PQ$ lies on the circumcircle of the $\triangle ABC$. [i]($5$ points)[/i]

On a circumference of a unit radius, take points $A$ and $B$ such that section $AB$ has length one. $C$ can be any point on the longer arc of the circle between $A$ and $B$. How do we take $C$ to make the perimeter of the triangle $ABC$ as large as possible?

Given a natural number $n> 3$. On the plane are considered convex $n$ - gons $F_1$ and $F_2$ such that on each side of $F_1$ lies one vertex of $F_2$ and no two vertices $F_1$ and $F_2$ coincide. For each $n$, determine the limits of the ratio of the areas of the polygons $F_1$ and $F_2$. For each $n$, determine the range of the areas of the polygons $F_1$ and $F_2$, if $F_1$ is a regular $n$-gon. Determine the set of values of this value for other partial cases of the polygon $F_1$.

Two (not necessarily different) numbers are chosen independently and at random from $\{1, 2, 3, \dots, 10\}$. On average, what is the product of the two integers? (Compute the expected product. That is, if you do this over and over again, what will the product of the integers be on average?)

Michael is at the centre of a circle of radius $100$ metres. Each minute, he will announce the direction in which he will be moving. Catherine can leave it as is, or change it to the opposite direction. Then Michael moves exactly $1$ metre in the direction determined by Catherine. Does Michael have a strategy which guarantees that he can get out of the circle, even though Catherine will try to stop him?

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $a_1, a_2, \dots , a_{2n}$ mutually distinct integers. Find all integers $x$ satisfying \[(x - a_1) \cdot (x - a_2) \cdots (x - a_{2n}) = (-1)^n(n!)^2.\]

At a gathering of $30$ people, there are $20$ people who all know each other and $10$ people who know no one. People who know each other hug, and people who do not know each other shake hands. How many handshakes occur? $\textbf{(A)}\ 240\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 245\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 290\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 480\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 490$

Find the product of the non-real roots of the equation \[(x^2-3)^2+5(x^2-3)+6=0.\] $\begin{array}{@{\hspace{0em}}l@{\hspace{13.7em}}l@{\hspace{13.7em}}l} \textbf{(A) }0&\textbf{(B) }1&\textbf{(C) }-1\\\\ \textbf{(D) }2&\textbf{(E) }-2&\textbf{(F) }3\\\\ \textbf{(G) }-3&\textbf{(H) }4&\textbf{(I) }-4\\\\ \textbf{(J) }5&\textbf{(K) }-5&\textbf{(L) }6\\\\ \textbf{(M) }-6&\textbf{(N) }3+2i&\textbf{(O) }3-2i\\\\ \textbf{(P) }\dfrac{-3+i\sqrt3}2&\textbf{(Q) }8&\textbf{(R) }-8\\\\ \textbf{(S) }12&\textbf{(T) }-12&\textbf{(U) }42\\\\ \textbf{(V) }\text{Ying} & \textbf{(W) }2007 &\end{array}$

There is a list of $n$ football matches. Determine how many possible columns, with an even number of draws, there are.

Prove there exist positive integers a,b,c for which $a+b+c=1998$, the gcd is maximized, and $0<a<b\leq c<2a$. Find those numbers. Are they unique?

Let $p$ be an odd prime number. Let $g$ be a primitive root of unity modulo $p$. Find all the values of $p$ such that the sets $A=\left\{k^2+1:1\le k\le\frac{p-1}2\right\}$ and $B=\left\{g^m:1\le m\le\frac{p-1}2\right\}$ are equal modulo $p$.

Evaluate the following definite integrals: (a) $\int_0^{\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}} x\tan (x^2)\ dx$ (b) $\int_0^{\frac 13} xe^{3x}\ dx$ (c) $\int_e^{e^e} \frac{1}{x\ln x}\ dx$ (d) $\int_2^3 \frac{x^2+1}{x(x+1)}\ dx$

Let $a$ and $b$ be positive integers. Show that if $a \cdot b$ is even, then there are positive integers $c$ and $d$ with $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = d^2$; if, on the other hand, $a\cdot b$ is odd, there are no such positive integers $c$ and $d$.

Find all functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$, such that $$f\left(xy+f(y)\right)f(x)=x^2f(y)+f(xy)$$ for all $x,y \in \mathbb{R}$ [i]Proposed by chengbilly[/i]

Determine if there exist positive integers $a_1,a_2,...,a_{10}$, $b_1,b_2,...,b_{10}$ satisfying the following property: for each non-empty subset $S$ of $\{1,2,\ldots,10\}$ the sum $\sum\limits_{i\in S}a_i$ divides $\left( 12+\sum\limits_{i\in S}b_i \right)$.

For each real number $a$ and integer $n \ge 1$ prove the inequality $a^n +\frac{1}{a^n} -2 \ge n^2 \left(a +\frac{1}{a} -2\right)$ and find the cases of equality.

Let $q$ be a real number. Gugu has a napkin with ten distinct real numbers written on it, and he writes the following three lines of real numbers on the blackboard: [list] [*]In the first line, Gugu writes down every number of the form $a-b$, where $a$ and $b$ are two (not necessarily distinct) numbers on his napkin. [*]In the second line, Gugu writes down every number of the form $qab$, where $a$ and $b$ are two (not necessarily distinct) numbers from the first line. [*]In the third line, Gugu writes down every number of the form $a^2+b^2-c^2-d^2$, where $a, b, c, d$ are four (not necessarily distinct) numbers from the first line. [/list] Determine all values of $q$ such that, regardless of the numbers on Gugu's napkin, every number in the second line is also a number in the third line.