Found problems: 85335
2021 Centroamerican and Caribbean Math Olympiad, 1
An ordered triple $(p, q, r)$ of prime numbers is called [i]parcera[/i] if $p$ divides $q^2-4$, $q$ divides $r^2-4$ and $r$ divides $p^2-4$. Find all parcera triples.
2009 Costa Rica - Final Round, 5
Suppose the polynomial $ x^{n} \plus{} a_{n \minus{} 1}x^{n \minus{} 1} \plus{} ... \plus{} a_{1} \plus{} a_{0}$ can be factorized as $ (x \plus{} r_{1})(x \plus{} r_{2})...(x \plus{} r_{n})$, with $ r_{1}, r_{2}, ..., r_{n}$ real numbers.
Show that $ (n \minus{} 1)a_{n \minus{} 1}^{2}\geq\ 2na_{n \minus{} 2}$
1997 Putnam, 1
For all reals $x$ define $\{x\}$ to be the difference between $x$ and the closest integer to $x$. For each positive integer $n$ evaluate :
\[ S_n=\sum_{m=1}^{6n-1}\min \left(\left\{\frac{m}{6n}\right\},\left\{\frac{m}{3n}\right\}\right) \]
2002 IMO Shortlist, 2
Let $n\geq2$ be a positive integer, with divisors $1=d_1<d_2<\,\ldots<d_k=n$. Prove that $d_1d_2+d_2d_3+\,\ldots\,+d_{k-1}d_k$ is always less than $n^2$, and determine when it is a divisor of $n^2$.
2015 South East Mathematical Olympiad, 4
Given $8$ pairwise distinct positive integers $a_1,a_2,…,a_8$ such that the greatest common divisor of any three of them is equal to $1$. Show that there exists positive integer $n\geq 8$ and $n$ pairwise distinct positive integers $m_1,m_2,…,m_n$ with the greatest common divisor of all $n$ numbers equal to $1$ such that for any positive integers $1\leq p<q<r\leq n$, there exists positive integers $1\leq i<j\leq 8$ that $a_ia_j\mid m_p+m_q+m_r$.
1991 Canada National Olympiad, 4
Can ten distinct numbers $a_1, a_2, b_1, b_2, b_3, c_1, c_2, d_1, d_2, d_3$ be chosen from $\{0, 1, 2, \ldots, 14\}$, so that the $14$ differences $|a_1 - b_1|$, $|a_1 - b_2|$, $|a_1 - b_3|$, $|a_2 - b_1|$, $|a_2 - b_2|$, $|a_2 - b_3|$, $|c_1 - d_1|$, $|c_1 - d_2|$, $|c_1 - d_3|$, $|c_2 - d_1|$, $|c_2 - d_2|$, $|c_2 - d_3|$, $|a_1 - c_1|$, and $|a_2 - c_2|$ are all distinct?
1987 IMO Longlists, 23
A lampshade is part of the surface of a right circular cone whose axis is vertical. Its upper and lower edges are two horizontal circles. Two points are selected on the upper smaller circle and four points on the lower larger circle. Each of these six points has three of the others that are its nearest neighbors at a distance $d$ from it. By distance is meant the shortest distance measured over the curved survace of the lampshade. Prove that the area of the lampshade is $d^2(2\theta + \sqrt 3)$ where $\cot \frac {\theta}{2} = \frac{3}{\theta}.$
2021 German National Olympiad, 5
a) Determine the largest real number $A$ with the following property: For all non-negative real numbers $x,y,z$, one has
\[\frac{1+yz}{1+x^2}+\frac{1+zx}{1+y^2}+\frac{1+xy}{1+z^2} \ge A.\]
b) For this real number $A$, find all triples $(x,y,z)$ of non-negative real numbers for which equality holds in the above inequality.
2025 Chile TST IMO-Cono, 3
Let \( a, b, c, d \) be real numbers such that \( abcd = 1 \), and
\[
a + \frac{1}{a} + b + \frac{1}{b} + c + \frac{1}{c} + d + \frac{1}{d} = 0.
\]
Prove that one of the numbers \( ab, ac \) or \( ad \) is equal to \( -1 \).
2013 BMT Spring, 1
A rectangle with sides $a$ and $b$ has an area of $24$ and a diagonal of length $11$. Find the perimeter of this rectangle.
2014 AMC 10, 4
Susie pays for $4$ muffins and $3$ bananas. Calvin spends twice as much paying for $2$ muffins and $16$ bananas. A muffin is how many times as expensive as a banana?
$ \textbf {(A) } \frac{3}{2} \qquad \textbf {(B) } \frac{5}{3} \qquad \textbf {(C) } \frac{7}{4} \qquad \textbf {(D) } 2 \qquad \textbf {(E) } \frac{13}{4}$
2010 Stanford Mathematics Tournament, 14
A series of lockers, numbered 1 through 100, are all initially closed. Student 1 goes through and opens every locker. Student 3 goes through and "flips" every 3rd locker ("flipping") a locker means changing its state: if the locker is open he closes it, and if the locker is closed he opens it). Thus, Student 3 will close the third locker, open the sixth, close the ninth. . . . Student 5 then goes through and "flips"every 5th locker. This process continues with all students with odd numbers $n<100$ going through and "flipping" every $n$th locker.
How many lockers are open after this process?
2018 Brazil Undergrad MO, 13
A continuous function $ f: \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} $ satisfies $ f (x) f (f (x)) = 1 $ for every real $ x $ and $ f (2020) = 2019 $ . What is the value of $ f (2018) $?
1999 Putnam, 1
Right triangle $ABC$ has right angle at $C$ and $\angle BAC=\theta$; the point $D$ is chosen on $AB$ so that $|AC|=|AD|=1$; the point $E$ is chosen on $BC$ so that $\angle CDE=\theta$. The perpendicular to $BC$ at $E$ meets $AB$ at $F$. Evaluate $\lim_{\theta\to 0}|EF|$.
2007 Today's Calculation Of Integral, 195
Find continuous functions $x(t),\ y(t)$ such that
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x(t)=1+\int_{0}^{t}e^{-2(t-s)}x(s)ds$
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ y(t)=\int_{0}^{t}e^{-2(t-s)}\{2x(s)+3y(s)\}ds$
2012 ELMO Shortlist, 10
Let $A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8$ be a cyclic octagon. Let $B_i$ by the intersection of $A_iA_{i+1}$ and $A_{i+3}A_{i+4}$. (Take $A_9 = A_1$, $A_{10} = A_2$, etc.) Prove that $B_1, B_2, \ldots , B_8$ lie on a conic.
[i]David Yang.[/i]
2018 CIIM, Problem 1
Show that there exists a $2 \times 2$ matrix of order 6 with rational entries, such that the sum of its entries is 2018.
Note: The order of a matrix (if it exists) is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $A^n = I$, where $I$ is the identity matrix.
2015 Turkey Junior National Olympiad, 2
In an exhibition there are $100$ paintings each of which is made with exactly $k$ colors. Find the minimum possible value of $k$ if any $20$ paintings have a common color but there is no color that is used in all paintings.
1979 Putnam, A3
Let $x_1,x_2,x_3, \dots$ be a sequence of nonzero real numbers satisfying $$x_n=\frac{x_{n-2}x_{n-1}}{2x_{n-2}-x_{n-1}} \text{ for } n=3,4,5, \dots.$$ Establish necessary and sufficient conditions on $x_1$ and $x_2$ for $x_n$ to be an integer for infinitely many values of $n.$
KoMaL A Problems 2021/2022, A. 825
Find all functions $f:\mathbb Z^+\to\mathbb R^+$ that satisfy $f(nk^2)=f(n)f^2(k)$ for all positive integers $n$ and $k$, furthermore $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\dfrac{f(n+1)}{f(n)}=1$.
1951 Putnam, B1
Find the conditions that the functions $M(x, y)$ and $N (x, y)$ must satisfy in order that the differential equation $Mdx + Ndy =0$ shall have an integrating factor of the form $f(xy).$ You may assume that $M$ and $N$ have continuous partial derivatives of all orders.
2023 Putnam, A3
Determine the smallest positive real number $r$ such that there exist differentiable functions $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ and $g: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ satisfying
(a) $f(0)>0$,
(b) $g(0)=0$,
(c) $\left|f^{\prime}(x)\right| \leq|g(x)|$ for all $x$,
(d) $\left|g^{\prime}(x)\right| \leq|f(x)|$ for all $x$, and
(e) $f(r)=0$.
2022 Balkan MO Shortlist, G2
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB > AC$ with incenter $I{}$. The internal bisector of the angle $BAC$ intersects the $BC$ at the point $D{}$. Let $M{}$ the midpoint of the segment $AD{}$, and let $F{}$ be the second intersection point of $MB$ with the circumcircle of the triangle $BIC$. Prove that $AF$ is perpendicular to $FC$.
1969 Poland - Second Round, 4
Prove that for any natural numbers min the inequality holds
$$1^m + 2^m + \ldots + n^m \geq n\cdot \left( \frac{n+1}{2}\right)^m$$
1986 Balkan MO, 3
Let $a,b,c$ be real numbers such that $ab\not= 0$ and $c>0$. Let $(a_{n})_{n\geq 1}$ be the sequence of real numbers defined by: $a_{1}=a, a_{2}=b$ and
\[a_{n+1}=\frac{a_{n}^{2}+c}{a_{n-1}}\]
for all $n\geq 2$.
Show that all the terms of the sequence are integer numbers if and only if the numbers $a,b$ and $\frac{a^{2}+b^{2}+c}{ab}$ are integers.