Olympiad problems

2014 Belarus Team Selection Test, 3

Determine whether there exists an infinite sequence of nonzero digits $a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , \cdots $ and a positive integer $N$ such that for every integer $k > N$, the number $\overline{a_k a_{k-1}\cdots a_1 }$ is a perfect square.

2017 European Mathematical Cup, 4

Tags: inequalities

The real numbers $x,y,z$ satisfy $x^2+y^2+z^2=3.$ Prove that the inequality $x^3-(y^2+yz+z^2)x+yz(y+z)\le 3\sqrt{3}.$ and find all triples $(x,y,z)$ for which equality holds.

2020 Brazil Undergrad MO, Problem 2

Tags: sequence , number theory

For a positive integer $a$, define $F_1 ^{(a)}=1$, $F_2 ^{(a)}=a$ and for $n>2$, $F_n ^{(a)}=F_{n-1} ^{(a)}+F_{n-2} ^{(a)}$. A positive integer is fibonatic when it is equal to $F_n ^{(a)}$ for a positive integer $a$ and $n>3$. Prove that there are infintely many not fibonatic integers.

1995 Kurschak Competition, 2

Tags: polynomial , algebra

Consider a polynomial in $n$ variables with real coefficients. We know that if every variable is $\pm1$, the value of the polynomial is positive, or negative if the number of $-1$'s is even, or odd, respectively. Prove that the degree of this polynomial is at least $n$.

PEN O Problems, 5

Tags:

Let $M$ be a positive integer and consider the set \[S=\{n \in \mathbb{N}\; \vert \; M^{2}\le n <(M+1)^{2}\}.\] Prove that the products of the form $ab$ with $a, b \in S$ are distinct.

2021 LMT Spring, B14

Tags: combinatorics

In the expansion of $(2x +3y)^{20}$, find the number of coefficients divisible by $144$. [i]Proposed by Hannah Shen[/i]

2016 Thailand TSTST, 1

Tags: algebra , function , functional equation

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{Q}\to\mathbb{Q}$ such that $$f(xy)+f(x+y)=f(x)f(y)+f(x)+f(y)$$ for all $x,y\in\mathbb{Q}$.

1992 Hungary-Israel Binational, 4

Tags: parallelogram , geometry , analytic geometry

We are given a convex pentagon $ABCDE$ in the coordinate plane such that $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$, $E$ are lattice points. Let $Q$ denote the convex pentagon bounded by the five diagonals of the pentagon $ABCDE$ (so that the vertices of $Q$ are the interior points of intersection of diagonals of the pentagon $ABCDE$). Prove that there exists a lattice point inside of $Q$ or on the boundary of $Q$.

1976 Poland - Second Round, 4

Tags: concyclic , geometry

Inside the circle $ S $ there is a circle $ T $ and circles $ K_1, K_2, \ldots, K_n $ tangent externally to $ T $ and internally to $ S $, and the circle $ K_1 $ is tangent to $ K_2 $, $ K_2 $ tangent to $ K_3 $ etc. Prove that the points of tangency of the circles $ K_1 $ with $ K_2 $, $ K_2 $ with $ K_3 $ etc. lie on the circle.

2014 Austria Beginners' Competition, 2

Tags: number theory

All empty white triangles in figure are to be filled with integers such that for each gray triangle the three numbers in the white neighboring triangles sum to a multiple of $5$. The lower left and the lower right white triangle are already filled with the numbers $12$ and $3$, respectively. Find all integers that can occur in the uppermost white triangle. (G. Woeginger, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/8/a/764732f5debbd58a147e9067e83ba8d31f7ee9.png[/img]

2003 May Olympiad, 3

Tags: multiple , sum of digits , number theory

Find the smallest positive integer that ends in $56$, is a multiple of $56$, and has the sum of its digits equal to $56$.

2005 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: geometry

Convex quadrilateral $ABCD$ is cyclic in circle $(O)$, $P$ is the intersection of the diagonals $AC$ and $BD$. Circle $(O_{1})$ passes through $P$ and $B$, circle $(O_{2})$ passes through $P$ and $A$, Circles $(O_{1})$ and $(O_{2})$ intersect at $P$ and $Q$. $(O_{1})$, $(O_{2})$ intersect $(O)$ at another points $E$, $F$ (besides $B$, $A$), respectively. Prove that $PQ$, $CE$, $DF$ are concurrent or parallel.

2009 South africa National Olympiad, 4

Tags: inequalities

Let $x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n$ be a finite sequence of real numbersm mwhere $0<x_i<1$ for all $i=1,2,\dots,n$. Put $P=x_1x_2\cdots x_n$, $S=x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n$ and $T=\frac{1}{x_1}+\frac{1}{x_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{x_n}$. Prove that \[\frac{T-S}{1-P}>2.\]

2023 Polish MO Finals, 4

Tags: inequalities

Given a positive integer $n\geq 2$ and positive real numbers $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$ with the sum equal to $1$. Let $b = a_1 + 2a_2 + \ldots + n a_n$. Prove that $$\sum_{1\leq i < j \leq n} (i-j)^2 a_i a_j \leq (n-b)(b-1).$$

2017 AMC 10, 15

Tags: geometry , rectangle

Rectangle $ABCD$ has $AB=3$ and $BC=4.$ Point $E$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $B$ to diagonal $\overline{AC}.$ What is the area of $\triangle ADE?$ $\textbf{(A)} \text{ 1} \qquad \textbf{(B)} \text{ }\frac{42}{25} \qquad \textbf{(C)} \text{ }\frac{28}{15} \qquad \textbf{(D)} \text{ 2} \qquad \textbf{(E)} \text{ }\frac{54}{25}$

2022 BMT, 8

Tags: geometry

Anton is playing a game with shapes. He starts with a circle $\omega_1$ of radius $1$, and to get a new circle $\omega_2$, he circumscribes a square about $\omega_1$ and then circumscribes circle $\omega_2$ about that square. To get another new circle $\omega_3$, he circumscribes a regular octagon about circle $\omega_2$ and then circumscribes circle $\omega_3$ about that octagon. He continues like this, circumscribing a $2n$-gon about $\omega_{n-1}$ and then circumscribing a new circle $\omega_n$ about the $2n$-gon. As $n$ increases, the area of $\omega_n$ approaches a constant $A$. Compute $A$.

2011 National Olympiad First Round, 8

Tags:

If it is possible to find six elements, whose sum are divisible by $6$, from every set with $n$ elements, what is the least $n$ ? $\textbf{(A)}\ 13 \qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 12 \qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 11 \qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 10 \qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 9$

1992 Rioplatense Mathematical Olympiad, Level 3, 1

Tags: functional , functional equation , number theory

Let $f:Z \to N -\{0\}$ such that: $f(x + y)f(x-y) = (f(x)f(y))^2$ and $f(1)\ne 1$. Provethat $\log_{f(1)}f(z)$ is a perfect square for every integer $z$.

2023 Macedonian Team Selection Test, Problem 5

Tags: algebra , abstract algebra , polynomial

Let $Q(x) = a_{2023}x^{2023}+a_{2022}x^{2022}+\dots+a_{1}x+a_{0} \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients. For an odd prime number $p$ we define the polynomial $Q_{p}(x) = a_{2023}^{p-2}x^{2023}+a_{2022}^{p-2}x^{2022}+\dots+a_{1}^{p-2}x+a_{0}^{p-2}.$ Assume that there exist infinitely primes $p$ such that $$\frac{Q_{p}(x)-Q(x)}{p}$$ is an integer for all $x \in \mathbb{Z}$. Determine the largest possible value of $Q(2023)$ over all such polynomials $Q$. [i]Authored by Nikola Velov[/i]

2011 Iran MO (3rd Round), 1

Tags: combinatorics

prove that if graph $G$ is a tree, then there is a vertex that is common between all of the longest paths. [i]proposed by Sina Rezayi[/i]

2010 Indonesia TST, 3

Tags: number theory

Let $ x$, $ y$, and $ z$ be integers satisfying the equation \[ \dfrac{2008}{41y^2}\equal{}\dfrac{2z}{2009}\plus{}\dfrac{2007}{2x^2}.\] Determine the greatest value that $ z$ can take. [i]Budi Surodjo, Jogjakarta[/i]

2019 USAMO, 3

Tags: sob

Let $K$ be the set of all positive integers that do not contain the digit $7$ in their base-$10$ representation. Find all polynomials $f$ with nonnegative integer coefficients such that $f(n)\in K$ whenever $n\in K$. [i]Proposed by Titu Andreescu, Cosmin Pohoata, and Vlad Matei[/i]

1996 Swedish Mathematical Competition, 2

Tags: number theory

In the country of Postonia, one wants to have only two values of stamps. These values should be integers greater than $1$ with the difference $2$, and should have the property that one can combine the stamps for any postage which is greater than or equal to the sum of these two values. What values can be chosen?

2020 LIMIT Category 2, 16

Tags: limit , derivative , calculus

The $n^{th}$ derivative of a function $f(x)$ (if it exists) is denoted by $f^{(n)}(x) $. Let $f(x)=\frac{e^x}{x}$. Suppose $f$ is differentiable infinitely many times in $(0,\infty) $. Then find $\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{f^{(2n)}1}{(2n)!}$

2014 Saint Petersburg Mathematical Olympiad, 4

Tags: geometry , circumcircle

Points $B_1,C_1$ are on $AC$ and $AB$ and $B_1C_1 \parallel BC$. Circumcircle of $ABB_1$ intersect $CC_1$ at $L$. Circumcircle $CLB_1$ is tangent to $AL$. Prove $AL \leq \frac{AC+AC_1}{2}$