What minimum number of colours is sufficient to colour all positive real numbers so that every two numbers whose ratio is 4 or 8 have different colours?

The incircle of triangle $ABC$ touches its sides $AB$ and $BC$ at points $P$ and $Q.$ The line $PQ$ meets the circumcircle of triangle $ABC$ at points $X$ and $Y.$ Find $\angle XBY$ if $\angle ABC = 90^\circ.$ [i]Proposed by A. Smirnov[/i]

* A bus route has $14$ stops (counting the first and the last). A bus cannot carry more than $25$ passengers. We assume that a passenger takes a bus from $A$ to $B$ if (s)he enters the bus at $A$ and gets off at $B$. Prove that for any bus route: a) there are $8$ distinct stops $A_1, B_1, A_2, B_2, A_3, B_3, A_4, B_4$ such that no passenger rides from $A_k$ to $B_k$ for all $k = 1, 2, 3, 4$ (#) b) there might not exist $10$ distinct stops $A_1, B_1, . . . , A_5, B_5$ with property (#).

Determine all the sets of six consecutive positive integers such that the product of some two of them . added to the product of some other two of them is equal to the product of the remaining two numbers.

Show how to dissect a square into at most five pieces in such a way that the pieces can be reassembled to form three squares of (pairwise) distinct areas.

Given the numbers $a_1, a_2, ... , a_n$ such that $$0\le a_1\le a_2\le 2a_1 , a_2\le a_3\le 2a_2 , ... , a_{n-1}\le a_n\le 2a_{n-1}$$ Prove that in the sum $s=\pm a1\pm a2\pm ...\pm a_n$ You can choose appropriate signs to make $0\le s\le a_1$.

Let \[f(x)=(x+1)^{6}+(x-1)^{5}+(x+1)^{4}+(x-1)^3+(x+1)^2+(x-1)^1+1.\] Find the remainder when $\sum_{j=-126}^{126}jf(j)$ is divided by 1000. [i]Proposed by Hari Desikan[/i]

Four squares of side length $4, 7, 9,$ and $10$ are arranged in increasing size order so that their left edges and bottom edges align. The squares alternate in color white-gray-white-gray, respectively, as shown in the figure. What is the area of the visible gray region in square units? [asy] size(150); filldraw((0,0)--(10,0)--(10,10)--(0,10)--cycle,gray(0.7),linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(9,0)--(9,9)--(0,9)--cycle,white,linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(7,0)--(7,7)--(0,7)--cycle,gray(0.7),linewidth(1)); filldraw((0,0)--(4,0)--(4,4)--(0,4)--cycle,white,linewidth(1)); draw((11,0)--(11,4),linewidth(1)); draw((11,6)--(11,10),linewidth(1)); label("$10$",(11,5),fontsize(14pt)); draw((10.75,0)--(11.25,0),linewidth(1)); draw((10.75,10)--(11.25,10),linewidth(1)); draw((0,11)--(3,11),linewidth(1)); draw((5,11)--(9,11),linewidth(1)); draw((0,11.25)--(0,10.75),linewidth(1)); draw((9,11.25)--(9,10.75),linewidth(1)); label("$9$",(4,11),fontsize(14pt)); draw((-1,0)--(-1,1),linewidth(1)); draw((-1,3)--(-1,7),linewidth(1)); draw((-1.25,0)--(-0.75,0),linewidth(1)); draw((-1.25,7)--(-0.75,7),linewidth(1)); label("$7$",(-1,2),fontsize(14pt)); draw((0,-1)--(1,-1),linewidth(1)); draw((3,-1)--(4,-1),linewidth(1)); draw((0,-1.25)--(0,-.75),linewidth(1)); draw((4,-1.25)--(4,-.75),linewidth(1)); label("$4$",(2,-1),fontsize(14pt)); [/asy] $\textbf{(A)}\ 42 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 45\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 49\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 50\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 52$

Let $ABC$ be a triangle, having no right angles, and let $D$ be a point on the side $BC$. Let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the point $D$ to the lines $AB$ and $AC$ respectively. Let $P$ be the point of intersection of the lines $BF$ and $CE$. Prove that the line $AP$ is the altitude of the triangle $ABC$ from the vertex $A$ if and only if the line $AD$ is the angle bisector of the angle $CAB$.

In the given figure hexagon $ABCDEF$ is equiangular, $ABJI$ and $FEHG$ are squares with areas $18$ and $32$ respectively, $\triangle JBK$ is equilateral and $FE=BC$. What is the area of $\triangle KBC$? $\textbf{(A) }6\sqrt{2}\qquad\textbf{(B) }9\qquad\textbf{(C) }12\qquad\textbf{(D) }9\sqrt{2}\qquad\textbf{(E) }32$ [asy] draw((-4,6*sqrt(2))--(4,6*sqrt(2))); draw((-4,-6*sqrt(2))--(4,-6*sqrt(2))); draw((-8,0)--(-4,6*sqrt(2))); draw((-8,0)--(-4,-6*sqrt(2))); draw((4,6*sqrt(2))--(8,0)); draw((8,0)--(4,-6*sqrt(2))); draw((-4,6*sqrt(2))--(4,6*sqrt(2))--(4,8+6*sqrt(2))--(-4,8+6*sqrt(2))--cycle); draw((-8,0)--(-4,-6*sqrt(2))--(-4-6*sqrt(2),-4-6*sqrt(2))--(-8-6*sqrt(2),-4)--cycle); label("$I$",(-4,8+6*sqrt(2)),dir(100)); label("$J$",(4,8+6*sqrt(2)),dir(80)); label("$A$",(-4,6*sqrt(2)),dir(280)); label("$B$",(4,6*sqrt(2)),dir(250)); label("$C$",(8,0),W); label("$D$",(4,-6*sqrt(2)),NW); label("$E$",(-4,-6*sqrt(2)),NE); label("$F$",(-8,0),E); draw((4,8+6*sqrt(2))--(4,6*sqrt(2))--(4+4*sqrt(3),4+6*sqrt(2))--cycle); label("$K$",(4+4*sqrt(3),4+6*sqrt(2)),E); draw((4+4*sqrt(3),4+6*sqrt(2))--(8,0),dashed); label("$H$",(-4-6*sqrt(2),-4-6*sqrt(2)),S); label("$G$",(-8-6*sqrt(2),-4),W); label("$32$",(-10,-8),N); label("$18$",(0,6*sqrt(2)+2),N); [/asy]

The numbers $1$ and $2$ are written on an empty blackboard. Whenever the numbers $m$ and $n$ appear on the blackboard the number $m + n + mn$ may be written. Can we obtain : (1) $13121$, (2) $12131$?

In triangle $ABC$, suppose we have $a> b$, where $a=BC$ and $b=AC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $AB$, and $\alpha, \beta$ are inscircles of the triangles $ACM$ and $BCM$ respectively. Let then $A'$ and $B'$ be the points of tangency of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ on $CM$. Prove that $A'B'=\frac{a - b}{2}$.

Given a sequence $\{a_n\}$ of real numbers such that $|a_{k+m} - a_k - a_m| \leq 1$ for all positive integers $k$ and $m$, prove that, for all positive integers $p$ and $q$, \[|\frac{a_p}{p} - \frac{a_q}{q}| < \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q}.\]

Let $ n>0$ be a natural number. Determine all the polynomials of degree $ 2n$ with real coefficients in the form $ P(X)\equal{}X^{2n}\plus{}(2n\minus{}10)X^{2n\minus{}1}\plus{}a_2X^{2n\minus{}2}\plus{}...\plus{}a_{2n\minus{}2}X^2\plus{}(2n\minus{}10)X\plus{}1$, if it is known that all the roots of them are positive reals. [i]Proposer[/i]: [b]Baltag Valeriu[/b]

Let $X = Q-\{-1,0,1\}$. We consider the function $f: X\to X$ given by $f (x) = x -\frac{1}{x} .$ Is there an $a \in X$ such that for every natural number n there is a $y \in X$ with $f (f (...( f (y)) ...)) = a$ where $f$ occurs exactly $n$ times on the left side?

The perimeter of a square is equal in value to its area. Determine the length of one of its sides.

[b]p1.[/b] Find all solutions $a, b, c, d, e, f$ if it is known that they represent distinct digits and satisfy the following: $\begin{tabular}{ccccc} & a & b & c & a \\ + & & d & d & e \\ & & & d & e \\ \hline d & f & f & d & d \\ \end{tabular}$ [b]p2.[/b] Explain whether it possible that the sum of two squares of positive whole numbers has all digits equal to $1$: $$n^2 + m^2 = 111...111$$ [b]p3. [/b]Two players play the following game on an $8 \times 8$ chessboard. The first player can put a rook on an arbitrary square. Then the second player can put another rook on a free square that is not controlled by the first rook. Then the first player can put a new rook on a free square that is not controlled by the rooks on the board. Then the second player can do the same, etc. A player who cannot put a new rook on the board loses the game. Who has a winning strategy? [b]p4.[/b] Show that the difference $9^{2008} - 7^{2008}$ is divisible by $10$. [b]p5.[/b] Is it possible to find distict positive whole numbers $a, b, c, d, e$ such that $$\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{d}+\frac{1}{e}= 1?$$ PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].