$\textbf{(Caos)}$ A cao [sic] has 6 legs, 3 on each side. A walking pattern for the cao is defined as an ordered sequence of raising and lowering each of the legs exactly once (altogether 12 actions), starting and ending with all legs on the ground. The pattern is safe if at any point, he has at least 3 legs on the ground and not all three legs are on the same side. Estimate $N$, the number of safe patterns. An estimate of $E > 0$ earns $\left\lfloor 20\min(N/E, E/N)^4 \right\rfloor$ points.

Find all integers $n$ such that $2^n + n^2$ is a square of an integer. [i](Tomas Jurik )[/i]

In an acute triangle $ABC$, let $D$, $E$, $F$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from the points $A$, $B$, $C$ to the lines $BC$, $CA$, $AB$, respectively, and let $P$, $Q$, $R$ be the feet of the perpendiculars from the points $A$, $B$, $C$ to the lines $EF$, $FD$, $DE$, respectively. Prove that $p\left(ABC\right)p\left(PQR\right) \ge \left(p\left(DEF\right)\right)^{2}$, where $p\left(T\right)$ denotes the perimeter of triangle $T$ . [i]Proposed by Hojoo Lee, Korea[/i]

(a) Determine the maximum $M$ of $x+y +z$ where $x, y$ and $z$ are positive real numbers with $16xyz = (x + y)^2(x + z)^2$. (b) Prove the existence of infinitely many triples $(x, y, z)$ of positive rational numbers that satisfy $16xyz = (x + y)^2(x + z)^2$ and $x + y + z = M$. Proposed by Karl Czakler

The sales tax rate in Bergville is $6\%$. During a sale at the Bergville Coat Closet, the price of a coat is discounted $20\%$ from its \$90.00 price. Two clerks, Jack and Jill, calculate the bill independently. Jack rings up \$90.00 and adds $6\%$ sales tax, then subtracts $20\%$ from this total. Jill rings up \$90.00, subtracts $20\%$ of the price, then adds $6\%$ of the discounted price for sales tax. What is Jack's total minus Jill's total? $ \textbf{(A)}\ -\$1.06\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ -\$0.53\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 0\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ \$0.53\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \$1.06 $

Let $2001$ given points on a circle be coloured either red or green. In one step all points are recoloured simultaneously in the following way: If both direct neighbours of a point $P$ have the same colour as $P$, then the colour of $P$ remains unchanged, otherwise $P$ obtains the other colour. Starting with the first colouring $F_1$, we obtain the colourings $F_2,F_3 ,\ldots .$ after several recolouring steps. Prove that there is a number $n_0\le 1000$ such that $F_{n_0}=F_{n_0 +2}$. Is the assertion also true if $1000$ is replaced by $999$?

Determine all pairs $(p, q)$ of primes for which $p^{q+1}+q^{p+1}$ is a perfect square.

Let $l, l'$ be two lines in $3$-space and let $A,B,C$ be three points taken on $l$ with $B$ as midpoint of the segment $AC$. If $a, b, c$ are the distances of $A,B,C$ from $l'$, respectively, show that $b \leq \sqrt{ \frac{a^2+c^2}{2}}$, equality holding if $l, l'$ are parallel.

Let $\alpha,\beta,$ and $\gamma$ be three real numbers. Suppose that $$\cos\alpha+\cos\beta+\cos\gamma=1$$ $$\sin\alpha+\sin\beta+\sin\gamma=1.$$ Find the smallest possible value of $\cos \alpha.$

A red ball and a green ball are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin $k$ is $2^{-k}$ for $k=1,2,3,\ldots.$ What is the probability that the red ball is tossed into a higher-numbered bin than the green ball? $\textbf{(A) } \frac{1}{4} \qquad\textbf{(B) } \frac{2}{7} \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{1}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } \frac{3}{8} \qquad\textbf{(E) } \frac{3}{7}$

If $x_1,x_2,...,x_n>0 $ and $x_1^2+x_2^2+...+x_n^2=\dfrac{1}{n}$,prove that $\sum x_i+\sum \dfrac{1}{x_i \cdot x_{i+1}} \ge n^3+1.$

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with ${AB\neq AC}$. The incircle ${\omega}$ of the triangle touches the sides ${BC, CA}$ and ${AB}$ at ${D, E}$ and ${F}$, respectively. The perpendicular line erected at ${C}$ onto ${BC}$ meets ${EF}$ at ${M}$, and similarly the perpendicular line erected at ${B}$ onto ${BC}$ meets ${EF}$ at ${N}$. The line ${DM}$ meets ${\omega}$ again in ${P}$, and the line ${DN}$ meets ${\omega}$ again at ${Q}$. Prove that ${DP=DQ}$. Ruben Dario & Leo Giugiuc (Romania)

Let $p>5$ be a prime number. Prove that the sum \[\left(\frac{(p-1)!}{1}\right)^p+\left(\frac{(p-1)!}{2}\right)^p+\cdots+\left(\frac{(p-1)!}{p-1}\right)^p\]is divisible by $p^3$.

The last three digits of $ N$ are $ x25$. For how many values of $ x$ can $ N$ be the square of an integer?

Points $E$ and $F$ are located on square $ABCD$ so that $\Delta BEF$ is equilateral. What is the ratio of the area of $\Delta DEF$ to that of $\Delta ABE$? [asy] pair A=origin, B=(1,0), C=(1,1), D=(0,1), X=B+2*dir(165), E=intersectionpoint(B--X, A--D), Y=B+2*dir(105), F=intersectionpoint(B--Y, D--C); draw(B--C--D--A--B--F--E--B); pair point=(0.5,0.5); label("$A$", A, dir(point--A)); label("$B$", B, dir(point--B)); label("$C$", C, dir(point--C)); label("$D$", D, dir(point--D)); label("$E$", E, dir(point--E)); label("$F$", F, dir(point--F));[/asy] $\textbf{(A)}\; \frac43\qquad \textbf{(B)}\; \frac32\qquad \textbf{(C)}\; \sqrt3\qquad \textbf{(D)}\; 2\qquad \textbf{(E)}\; 1+\sqrt3\qquad$

A ball is launched upward from the ground at an initial vertical speed of $v_\text{0}$ and begins bouncing vertically. Every time it rebounds, it loses a proportion of the magnitude of its velocity due to the inelastic nature of the collision, such that if the speed just before hitting the ground on a bounce is $v$, then the speed just after the bounce is $rv$, where $r < 1$ is a constant. Calculate the total length of time that the ball remains bouncing, assuming that any time associated with the actual contact of the ball with the ground is negligible. (a) $\frac{2v_\text{0}}{g}\frac{1}{1-r}$ (b) $\frac{v_\text{0}}{g}\frac{r}{1-r}$ (c) $\frac{2v_\text{0}}{g}\frac{1-r}{r}$ (d) $\frac{2v_\text{0}}{g}\frac{1}{1-r^2}$ (e) $\frac{2v_\text{0}}{g}\frac{1}{1+(1-r)^2}$