Abimbola plays a game with a coin. He tosses the coin a number of times, and records whether each toss was a "heads" or "tails". He stops tossing the coin as soon as he tosses an odd number of heads in a row, followed by a tails. (Note that he stops if the number of heads since the previous time that he tosses tails is odd, and he then tosses another tails. If he has not tossed tails previously, then he stops if the total number of heads is odd, and he then tosses tails.) How many different sequences of coin tosses are there such that he stops after the $n^\text{th}$ coin toss?

Let $k$ be the smallest positive integer such that the binomial coefficient $\binom{10^9}{k}$ is less than the binomial coefficient $\binom{10^9 + 1}{k - 1}$. Let $a$ be the first (from the left) digit of $k$ and let $b$ be the second (from the left) digit of $k$. What is the value of $10a + b$?

For a positive integer $n$, written in decimal base, we denote by $p(n)$ the product of its digits. a) Prove that $p(n) \leq n$; b) Find all positive integers $n$ such that \[ 10p(n) = n^2+ 4n - 2005. \] [i]Eugen Păltănea[/i]

Let be a natural number $ n. $ Prove that there exists a number $ k\in\{ 0,1,2,\ldots n \} $ such that the floor of $ 2^{n+k}\sqrt 2 $ is even.

The digits of a positive integer $n$ are four consecutive integers in decreasing order when read from left to right. What is the sum of the possible remainders when $n$ is divided by $37$?

Find the area of the figure bounded by three curves $ C_1: y\equal{}\sin x\ \left(0\leq x<\frac {\pi}{2}\right)$ $ C_2: y\equal{}\cos x\ \left(0\leq x<\frac {\pi}{2}\right)$ $ C_3: y\equal{}\tan x\ \left(0\leq x<\frac {\pi}{2}\right)$.

A cube has one of its vertices and all edges connected to that vertex deleted. How many ways can the letters from the word "$AMONGUS$" be placed on the remaining vertices of the cube so that one can walk along the edges to spell out "$AMONGUS$"? Note that each vertex will have at most $1$ letter, and one vertex is deleted and not included in the walk

Let $S = \{P_1,P_2,...,P_{2000}\}$ be a set of $2000$ points in the interior of a circle of radius $1$, one of which at its center. For $i = 1,2,...,2000$ denote by $x_i$ the distance from $P_i$ to the closest point $P_j \ne P_i$. Prove that $x_1^2 +x_2^2 +...+x_{2000}^2<9$ .

Let $\{a_k\}^{2011}_{k=1}$ be the sequence of real numbers defined by $$a_1=0.201, \quad a_2=(0.2011)^{a_1},\quad a_3=(0.20101)^{a_2},\quad a_4=(0.201011)^{a_3},$$ and more generally \[ a_k = \begin{cases}(0.\underbrace{20101\cdots0101}_{k+2 \ \text{digits}})^{a_{k-1}}, &\text {if } k \text { is odd,} \\ (0.\underbrace{20101\cdots01011}_{k+2 \ \text{digits}})^{a_{k-1}}, &\text {if } k \text { is even.}\end{cases} \] Rearranging the numbers in the sequence $\{a_k\}^{2011}_{k=1}$ in decreasing order produces a new sequence $\{b_k\}^{2011}_{k=1}$. What is the sum of all the integers $k$, $1\le k \le 2011$, such that $a_k = b_k$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 671\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 1006\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 1341\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 2011\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ 2012 $

Two circles intersect at points $A$ and $B$. A common tangent touches the first circle at point $C$ and the second at point $D$. Let $\angle CBD > \angle CAD$. Let the line $CB$ intersect the second circle again at point $E$. Prove that $AD$ bisects the angle $\angle CAE$. (P Kozhevnikov)

Let $a$, $b$, $c$ be positive integers. Prove that for infinitely many positive odd integers $n$, there exists an integer $m > n$ such that $a^n + b^n + c^n$ divides $a^m + b^m + c^m$.

The cross-section of a right cylinder is an ellipse, with semi-axes $a$ and $b,$ where $a > b.$ The cylinder is very long, made of very light homogeneous material. The cylinder rests on the horizontal ground which it touches along the straight line joining the lower endpoints of the minor axes of its several cross-sections. Along the upper endpoints of these minor axes lies a very heavy homogeneous wire, straight and just as long as the cylinder. The wire and the cylinder are rigidly connected. We neglect the weight of the cylinder, the breadth of the wire, and the friction of the ground. The system described is in equilibrium, because of its symmetry. This equilibrium seems to be stable when the ratio $b/a$ is very small, but unstable when this ratio comes close to $1.$ Examine this assertion and find the value of the ratio $b/a$ which separates the cases of stable and unstable equilibrium.

The remainder when $x^{100} -x^{99} +... -x +1$ is divided by $x^2 -1$ can be written in the form $ax +b$. Find $2a +b$. [i]Proposed by Calvin Garces[/i]

$1993$ points are arranged in a circle. At time $0$ each point is arbitrarily labeled $+1$ or $-1$. At times $n = 1, 2, 3, ...$ the vertices are relabeled. At time $n$ a vertex is given the label $+1$ if its two neighbours had the same label at time $n-1$, and it is given the label $-1$ if its two neighbours had different labels at time $n-1$. Show that for some time $n > 1$ the labeling will be the same as at time $1.$

If $x,y,z$ are positive integers and $z(xz+1)^2=(5z+2y)(2z+y)$, prove that $z$ is an odd perfect square.

Let $a\# b$ be defined as $ab-a-3$. For example, $4\#5=20-4-3=13$ Compute $(2\#0)\#(1\#4)$.

Considee thr positive integers $a_1,a_2,...,a_{10}$ such that from the third and on, each it the sum of it's two previous terms (i.e. $a_3=a_2+a_1$, $a_4=a_3+a_2$, ...). If $a_5=7$, find $a_{10}$.

In an isosceles trapezoid $ABCD$, the base $AB$ is twice as large as the base $CD$. Point $M$ is the midpoint of $AB$. It is known that the center of the circle inscribed in the triangle $MCB$ lies on the circle circumscribed around the triangle $MDC$. Find the angle $\angle MBC$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/8/a/7af6a1d32c4e2affa49cb3eed9c10ba1e7ab71.png[/img]

Let $ S\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ be a set of real numbers. We say that a pair $ (f, g)$ of functions from $ S$ into $ S$ is a [i]Spanish Couple[/i] on $ S$, if they satisfy the following conditions: (i) Both functions are strictly increasing, i.e. $ f(x) < f(y)$ and $ g(x) < g(y)$ for all $ x$, $ y\in S$ with $ x < y$; (ii) The inequality $ f\left(g\left(g\left(x\right)\right)\right) < g\left(f\left(x\right)\right)$ holds for all $ x\in S$. Decide whether there exists a Spanish Couple [list][*] on the set $ S \equal{} \mathbb{N}$ of positive integers; [*] on the set $ S \equal{} \{a \minus{} \frac {1}{b}: a, b\in\mathbb{N}\}$[/list] [i]Proposed by Hans Zantema, Netherlands[/i]

Suppose a $m \times m$ square can be divided into $7$ rectangles such that no two rectangles have a common interior point and the side-lengths of the rectangles form the set $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 \}$. Find the maximum value of $m$.

For positive numbers $x$, $y$, and $z$, we know that $x + y^2 + z^3 = 1$. Prove that $$\frac{x}{2 + xy} + \frac{y}{2 + yz} + \frac{z}{2 + zx} > \frac{1}{2} .$$

Let $0<x_1\le x_2\le\ldots\le x_n$. Prove that $$\frac{x_1}{x_2}+\frac{x_2}{x_3}+\ldots+\frac{x_{n-1}}{x_n}+\frac{x_n}{x_1}\ge\frac{x_2}{x_1}+\frac{x_3}{x_2}+\ldots+\frac{x_n}{x_{n-1}}+\frac{x_1}{x_n}$$ [i]I. Tonov[/i]

Triangle $ABC$ is given. Circle $ \omega $ passes through $B$, touch $AC$ in $D$ and intersect sides $AB$ and $BC$ at $P$ and $Q$ respectively. Line $PQ$ intersect $BD$ and $AC$ at $M$ and $N$ respectively. Prove that $ \omega $, circumcircle of $DMN$ and circle, touching $PQ$ in $M$ and passes through B, intersects in one point.

Pieck the Frog hops on Pascal's Triangle, where she starts at the number $1$ at the top. In a hop, Pieck can hop to one of the two numbers directly below the number she is currently on with equal probability. Given that the expected value of the number she is on after $7$ hops is $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers, find $m+n$. [i]Proposed by Steven Yu[/i]

In the plane are given $2000$ congruent triangles of area $1$, which are all images of one triangle under translations. Each of these triangles contains the centroid of every other triangle. Prove that the union of these triangles has area less than $22/9$.