Olympiad problems

2021 USAJMO, 1

Tags: function , functional equation , obi-wan kenobi , qui-gon jinn , darth sidious , daddy diddy

Let $\mathbb{N}$ denote the set of positive integers. Find all functions $f : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$ such that for positive integers $a$ and $b,$ \[f(a^2 + b^2) = f(a)f(b) \text{ and } f(a^2) = f(a)^2.\]

1988 All Soviet Union Mathematical Olympiad, 463

Tags: combinatorics , algebra , maximum

A book contains $30$ stories. Each story has a different number of pages under $31$. The first story starts on page $1$ and each story starts on a new page. What is the largest possible number of stories that can begin on odd page numbers?

2004 Tournament Of Towns, 5

Tags: tangent , parabola , common tangent , geometry , circles

The parabola $y = x^2$ intersects a circle at exactly two points $A$ and $B$. If their tangents at $A$ coincide, must their tangents at $B$ also coincide?

1973 Swedish Mathematical Competition, 6

Tags: functional , functional inequality , algebra

$f(x)$ is a real valued function defined for $x \geq 0$ such that $f(0) = 0$, $f(x+1)=f(x)+\sqrt{x}$ for all $x$, and \[ f(x) < \frac{1}{2}f\left(x - \frac{1}{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2}f\left(x + \frac{1}{2}\right) \quad \text{for all} \quad x \geq \frac{1}{2} \] Show that $f\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$ is uniquely determined.

2010 Contests, 1

Tags: prime number , number theory

a) Show that it is possible to pair off the numbers $1,2,3,\ldots ,10$ so that the sums of each of the five pairs are five different prime numbers. b) Is it possible to pair off the numbers $1,2,3,\ldots ,20$ so that the sums of each of the ten pairs are ten different prime numbers?

May Olympiad L2 - geometry, 2017.3

Tags: geometry , parallelogram

Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral such that $\angle ABC = \angle ADC = 90º$ and $\angle BCD$ > $90º$. Let $P$ be a point inside of the $ABCD$ such that $BCDP$ is parallelogram, the line $AP$ intersects $BC$ in $M$. If $BM = 2, MC = 5, CD = 3$. Find the length of $AM$.

2014 Germany Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: combinatorics

In Sikinia we only pay with coins that have a value of either $11$ or $12$ Kulotnik. In a burglary in one of Sikinia's banks, $11$ bandits cracked the safe and could get away with $5940$ Kulotnik. They tried to split up the money equally - so that everyone gets the same amount - but it just doesn't worked. After a while their leader claimed that it actually isn't possible. Prove that they didn't get any coin with the value $12$ Kulotnik.

1990 Iran MO (2nd round), 1

Tags: 3d geometry , sphere , geometry

[b](a)[/b] Consider the set of all triangles $ABC$ which are inscribed in a circle with radius $R.$ When is $AB^2+BC^2+CA^2$ maximum? Find this maximum. [b](b)[/b] Consider the set of all tetragonals $ABCD$ which are inscribed in a sphere with radius $R.$ When is the sum of squares of the six edges of $ABCD$ maximum? Find this maximum, and in this case prove that all of the edges are equal.

2007 BAMO, 2

Tags: combinatorial geometry , combinatorics , parallelogram , coloring

The points of the plane are colored in black and white so that whenever three vertices of a parallelogram are the same color, the fourth vertex is that color, too. Prove that all the points of the plane are the same color.

2009 Princeton University Math Competition, 1

Tags: special factorizations

Find the number of pairs of integers $x$ and $y$ such that $x^2 + xy + y^2 = 28$.

2005 Morocco National Olympiad, 1

Tags: geometry

In a square $ABCD$ let $F$ be the midpoint of $\left[ CD\right] $ and let $E$ be a point on $\left[ AB\right] $ such that $AE>EB$ . the parallel with $\left( DE\right) $ passing by $F$ meets the segment $\left[ BC\right] $ at $H$. Prove that the line $\left( EH\right) $ is tangent to the circle circumscribed with $ABCD$

1996 Baltic Way, 3

Tags: geometry

Let $ABCD$ be a unit square and let $P$ and $Q$ be points in the plane such that $Q$ is the circumcentre of triangle $BPC$ and $D$ be the circumcentre of triangle $PQA$. Find all possible values of the length of segment $PQ$.

2004 Turkey MO (2nd round), 2

Tags: combinatorics

Two-way flights are operated between $80$ cities in such a way that each city is connected to at least $7$ other cities by a direct flight and any two cities are connected by a finite sequence of flights. Find the smallest $k$ such that for any such arrangement of flights it is possible to travel from any city to any other city by a sequence of at most $k$ flights.

2014 District Olympiad, 2

Tags: circumcircle , geometry

Let $ABC$ be a triangle and let the points $D\in BC, E\in AC, F\in AB$, such that \[ \frac{DB}{DC}=\frac{EC}{EA}=\frac{FA}{FB} \] The half-lines $AD, BE,$ and $CF$ intersect the circumcircle of $ABC$ at points $M,N$ and $P$. Prove that the triangles $ABC$ and $MNP$ share the same centroid if and only if the areas of the triangles $BMC, CNA$ and $APB$ are equal.

1978 IMO Longlists, 47

Tags: polynomial , induction , algebra

Given the expression \[P_n(x) =\frac{1}{2^n}\left[(x +\sqrt{x^2 - 1})^n+(x-\sqrt{x^2 - 1})^n\right],\] prove: $(a) P_n(x)$ satisfies the identity \[P_n(x) - xP_{n-1}(x) + \frac{1}{4}P_{n-2}(x) \equiv 0.\] $(b) P_n(x)$ is a polynomial in $x$ of degree $n.$

2021 Novosibirsk Oral Olympiad in Geometry, 4

Tags: angle

It is known about two triangles that for each of them the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides is equal to the sum of the lengths of any two sides of the other triangle. Are triangles necessarily congruent?

2005 Serbia Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: trigonometry , complex number , irrational number , algebra

Prove that there is n rational number $r$ such that $cosr\pi=\frac{3}{5}$

2014-2015 SDML (Middle School), 2

Tags:

Suppose $a=1332$ and $b=-222$. Find $c$ such that $\left(\frac{a}{c}\right)^3=\sqrt{b^6}$.

2006 Sharygin Geometry Olympiad, 5

Tags: paper , folding , square , combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , geometry

a) Fold a $10 \times 10$ square from a $1 \times 118$ rectangular strip. b) Fold a $10 \times 10$ square from a $1 \times (100+9\sqrt3)$ rectangular strip (approximately $1\times 115.58$). The strip can be bent, but not torn.

1998 Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik, 3

Tags: geometry , angle

A triangle $ABC$ satisfies $BC = AC +\frac12 AB$. Point $P$ on side $AB$ is taken so that $AP = 3PB$. Prove that $ \angle PAC = 2\angle CPA$.

2021 Saudi Arabia Training Tests, 27

Tags: combinatorics

Each of $N$ people have chosen some $5$ elements from a $23$-element set so that any two people share at most $3$ chosen elements. Does this mean that $N \le 2020$? Answer the same question with $25$ instead of $23$.

2021 Indonesia TST, A

Tags: algebra

Let $a$ and $b$ be integers. Find all polynomial with integer coefficients sucht that $P(n)$ divides $P(an+b)$ for infinitely many positive integer $n$

2007 China Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: algebra , polynomial , geometry

When all vertex angles of a convex polygon are equal, call it equiangular. Prove that $ p > 2$ is a prime number, if and only if the lengths of all sides of equiangular $ p$ polygon are rational numbers, it is a regular $ p$ polygon.

II Soros Olympiad 1995 - 96 (Russia), 11.5

Tags: number theory , digit

Let's consider all possible natural seven-digit numbers, in the decimal notation of which the numbers $1$, $2$, $3$, $4$, $5$, $6$, $7$ are used once each. Let's number these numbers in ascending order. What number will be the $1995th$ ?

2004 IberoAmerican, 1

Tags: geometry , rectangle , combinatorics

It is given a 1001*1001 board divided in 1*1 squares. We want to amrk m squares in such a way that: 1: if 2 squares are adjacent then one of them is marked. 2: if 6 squares lie consecutively in a row or column then two adjacent squares from them are marked. Find the minimun number of squares we most mark.