In the plane a point $O$ is and a sequence of points $P_1, P_2, P_3, \ldots$ are given. The distances $OP_1, OP_2, OP_3, \ldots$ are $r_1, r_2, r_3, \ldots$ Let $\alpha$ satisfies $0 < \alpha < 1.$ Suppose that for every $n$ the distance from the point $P_n$ to any other point of the sequence is $\geq r^{\alpha}_n.$ Determine the exponent $\beta$, as large as possible such that for some $C$ independent of $n$ \[r_n \geq Cn^{\beta}, n = 1,2, \ldots\]

Let $P$ be a point on side $\overline{AB}$ of equilateral triangle $ABC$. If $BP = 6$ and $CP = 9$, what is the length of $AB$? $\textbf{(A) }2\sqrt5\qquad\textbf{(B) }3+\sqrt6\qquad\textbf{(C) }3\sqrt5\qquad\textbf{(D) }3\sqrt6 + 3\qquad\textbf{(E) }6\sqrt2$

Find all real-coefficient polynomials $f(x)$ which satisfy the following conditions: [b]i.[/b] $f(x) = a_0 x^{2n} + a_2 x^{2n - 2} + \cdots + a_{2n - 2} x^2 + a_{2n}, a_0 > 0$; [b]ii.[/b] $\sum_{j=0}^n a_{2j} a_{2n - 2j} \leq \left( \begin{array}{c} 2n\\ n\end{array} \right) a_0 a_{2n}$; [b]iii.[/b] All the roots of $f(x)$ are imaginary numbers with no real part.

Consider an arithmetic progression $a_0,\ldots,a_n$ with $n\ge2$. Prove that $$\sum_{k=0}^n(-1)^k\binom{n}{k}a_k=0.$$

Find all functions $f:(0,\infty)\mapsto\mathbb{R}$ such that $\displaystyle{(y^2+1)f(x)-yf(xy)=yf\left(\frac{x}{y}\right),}$ for every $x,y>0$.

Matthew Casertano and Fox Chyatte make a series of bets. In each bet, Matthew sets the stake (the amount he wins or loses) at half his current amount of money. He has an equal chance of winning and losing each bet. If he starts with \$256, find the probability that after 8 bets, he will have at least \$50. [i]Proposed by Jeffrey Tong[/i]

Determine all functions $ f$ from the set of positive integers to the set of positive integers such that, for all positive integers $ a$ and $ b$, there exists a non-degenerate triangle with sides of lengths \[ a, f(b) \text{ and } f(b \plus{} f(a) \minus{} 1).\] (A triangle is non-degenerate if its vertices are not collinear.) [i]Proposed by Bruno Le Floch, France[/i]

Let $ABCD$ be a trapezoid with $AB \parallel CD$ and $AD = BD$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $AB,$ and let $P \neq C$ be the second intersection of the circumcircle of $\triangle BCD$ and the diagonal $AC.$ Suppose that $BC = 27, CD = 25,$ and $AP = 10.$ If $MP = \tfrac {a}{b}$ for relatively prime positive integers $a$ and $b,$ compute $100a + b$.

The fields of an $n\times n$ chess board are colored black and white, such that in every small $2\times 2$-square both colors should be the same number. How many there possibilities are for this?

Let $a,b,c$ real numbers. Show that there are non-negative $x,y,z,xyz\neq0$ such that \begin{align*} cy-bz &\ge 0, \\ az-cx &\ge 0, \\ bx-ay &\ge 0. \end{align*}

What is the probability that a randomly drawn positive factor of $ 60$ is less than $ 7$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ \frac{1}{10} \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \frac{1}{6} \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \frac{1}{4} \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ \frac{1}{3} \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \frac{1}{2}$

If $ a_1,...,a_{1988}$ are positive numbers whose arithmetic mean is $ 1988$, show that: $ \sqrt[1988]{\displaystyle\prod_{i,j\equal{}1}^{1988} \left( 1\plus{}\frac{a_i}{a_j} \right)} \ge 2^{1988}$ and determine when equality holds.

Let $a,b,c,d$ be distinct digits such that the product of the $2$-digit numbers $\overline{ab}$ and $\overline{cb}$ is of the form $\overline{ddd}$. Find all possible values of $a+b+c+d$.

Let $x$ be a real number such that $0<x<\frac{\pi}{2}$. Prove that \[\cos^2(x)\cot (x)+\sin^2(x)\tan (x)\ge 1\]

[u]Set 3[/u] [b]3.1[/b] Find the number of distinct values that can be made by inserting parentheses into the expression $$1\,\,\,\,\, - \,\,\,\,\, 1 \,\,\,\,\, -\,\,\,\,\, 1 \,\,\,\,\, - \,\,\,\,\, 1 \,\,\,\,\, - \,\,\,\,\, 1\,\,\,\,\, - \,\,\,\,\, 1$$ such that you don’t introduce any multiplication. For example, $(1-1)-((1-1)-1-1)$ is a valid way to insert parentheses, but $1 - 1(-1 - 1) - 1 - 1$ is not. [b]3.2[/b] Let $T$ be the answer from the previous problem. Katie rolls T fair 4-sided dice with faces labeled $0-3$. Considering all possible sums of these rolls, there are two sums that have the highest probability of occurring. Find the smaller of these two sums. [b]3.3[/b] Let $T$ be the answer from the previous problem. Amy has a fair coin that she will repeatedly flip until her total number of heads is strictly greater than her total number of tails. Find the probability she will flip the coin exactly T times. (Hint: Finding a general formula in terms of T is hard, try solving some small cases while you wait for $T$.) PS. You should use hide for answers.

Let $z$ be a positive integer that is not divisible by $8$. Furthermore, let $n \geqslant 2$ be a positive integer. Prove that none of the numbers of the form $z^n + z + 1$ is a square number. [i](Walther Janous)[/i]

A circle touches the sides $AB,BC, CD,DA$ of a square at points $K,L,M,N$ respectively, and $BU, KV$ are parallel lines such that $U$ is on $DM$ and $V$ on $DN$. Prove that $UV$ touches the circle.

(i) Find the angles of $\triangle ABC$ if the length of the altitude through $B$ is equal to the length of the median through $C$ and the length of the altitude through $C$ is equal to the length of the median through $B$. (ii) Find all possible values of $\angle ABC$ of $\triangle ABC$ if the length of the altitude through $A$ is equal to the length of the median through $C$ and the length of the altitude through $C$ is equal to the length of the median through $B$.

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Define a chameleon to be any sequence of $3n$ letters, with exactly $n$ occurrences of each of the letters $a, b,$ and $c$. Define a swap to be the transposition of two adjacent letters in a chameleon. Prove that for any chameleon $X$ , there exists a chameleon $Y$ such that $X$ cannot be changed to $Y$ using fewer than $3n^2/2$ swaps.

Prove that for any $0<\delta <2\pi$ there exists a number $m>1$ such that for any positive integer $n$ and unimodular complex numbers $z_1,\ldots, z_n$ with $z_1^v+\dots+z_n^v=0$ for all integer exponents $1\le v\le m$, any arc of length $\delta$ of the unit circle contains at least one of the numbers $z_1,\ldots, z_n$.

Find all real positive solutions (if any) to \begin{align*} x^3+y^3+z^3 &= x+y+z, \mbox{ and} \\ x^2+y^2+z^2 &= xyz. \end{align*}

Consider the determinant of the matrix $(a_{ij})_{ij}$ with $1\leq i,j \leq 100$ and $a_{ij}=ij.$ Prove that if the absolute value of each of the $100!$ terms in the expansion of this determinant is divided by $101,$ then the remainder is always $1.$

Let $ABCDE$ be pentagon such that $AE = ED$ and $BC = CD$. It is known that $\angle BAE + \angle EDC + \angle CB A = 360^o$ and that $P$ is the midpoint of $AB$. Show that the triangle $ECP$ is right.

Assuming that $f(x)$ is continuous in the interval $(0,1)$, prove that $$\int_{x=0}^{x=1} \int_{y=x}^{y=1} \int_{z=x}^{z=y} f(x)f(y)f(z)\;dz dy dx= \frac{1}{6}\left(\int_{0}^{1} f(t)\; dt\right)^{3}.$$

Let $ M $ denote the set of the primitives of a function $ f:\mathbb{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R} . $ [b]ii)[/b] Show that $ M $ along with the operation $ *:M^2\longrightarrow M $ defined as $ F*G=F+G(2007) $ form a commutative group. [b]iii)[/b] Show that $ M $ is isomorphic with the additive group of real numbers.