Find the set $S$ of primes such that $p \in S$ if and only if there exists an integer $x$ such that $x^{2010} + x^{2009} + \cdots + 1 \equiv p^{2010} \pmod{p^{2011}}$. [i]Brian Hamrick.[/i]

Prove that for any prime number $p$ there are infinitely many fours $(x, y, z, t)$ pairwise distinct natural numbers such that the number $(x^2+p t^2)(y^2+p t^2)(z^2+p t^2)$ is a perfect square.

Let the circle $ {\omega}_{1}$ be internally tangent to another circle $ {\omega}_{2}$ at $ N$.Take a point $ K$ on $ {\omega}_{1}$ and draw a tangent $ AB$ which intersects $ {\omega}_{2}$ at $ A$ and $ B$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of the arc $ AB$ which is on the opposite side of $ N$. Prove that, the circumradius of the $ \triangle KBM$ doesnt depend on the choice of $ K$.

Find all polynomials $P$ in two variables with real coefficients satisfying the identity $$P(x,y)P(z,t)=P(xz-yt,xt+yz).$$

Let $S$ be a finite set, and let $\mathcal{A}$ be the set of all functions from $S$ to $S$. Let $f$ be an element of $\mathcal{A}$, and let $T=f(S)$ be the image of $S$ under $f$. Suppose that $f\circ g\circ f\ne g\circ f\circ g$ for every $g$ in $\mathcal{A}$ with $g\ne f$. Show that $f(T)=T$.

Solve the system of equations for positive real numbers: $$\frac{1}{xy}=\frac{x}{z}+ 1,\frac{1}{yz} = \frac{y}{x} + 1, \frac{1}{zx} =\frac{z}{y}+ 1$$

Let $ABCD$ be a quadrilateral and let $O$ be the point of intersection of diagonals $AC$ and $BD$. Knowing that the area of triangle $AOB$ is equal to $ 1$, the area of triangle $BOC$ is equal to $2$, and the area of triangle $COD$ is equal to $4$, calculate the area of triangle $AOD$ and prove that $ABCD$ is a trapezoid.

$a,b$ are naturals and $$a \times GCD(a,b)+b \times LCM(a,b)<2.5 ab$$. Prove that $b|a$

In convex quadrilateral ABCD,diagonals AC and BD intersect at S and are perpendicular. a)Prove that midpoints M,N,P,Q of AD,AB,BC,CD form a rectangular b)If diagonals of MNPQ intersect O and AD=5,BC=10,AC=10,BD=11 find value of SO

Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, such that $$f(xy+f(x^2))=xf(x+y)$$ for all reals $x, y$.

Consider $4n$ points in the plane, with no three points collinear. Using these points as vertices, we form $\binom{4n}{3}$ triangles. Show that there exists a point $X$ of the plane that belongs to the interior of at least $2n^3$ of these triangles.

Given that $40!=\overline{abcdef283247897734345611269596115894272pqrstuvwx}$, find $a,b,c,d,e,f,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with orthocenter $H$ and circumcenter $O$. Let $P$ be a point in the plane such that $AP \perp BC$. Let $Q$ and $R$ be the reflections of $P$ in the lines $CA$ and $AB$, respectively. Let $Y$ be the orthogonal projection of $R$ onto $CA$. Let $Z$ be the orthogonal projection of $Q$ onto $AB$. Assume that $H \neq O$ and $Y \neq Z$. Prove that $YZ \perp HO$. [asy] import olympiad; unitsize(30); pair A,B,C,H,O,P,Q,R,Y,Z,Q2,R2,P2; A = (-14.8, -6.6); B = (-10.9, 0.3); C = (-3.1, -7.1); O = circumcenter(A,B,C); H = orthocenter(A,B,C); P = 1.2 * H - 0.2 * A; Q = reflect(A, C) * P; R = reflect(A, B) * P; Y = foot(R, C, A); Z = foot(Q, A, B); P2 = foot(A, B, C); Q2 = foot(P, C, A); R2 = foot(P, A, B); draw(B--(1.6*A-0.6*B)); draw(B--C--A); draw(P--R, blue); draw(R--Y, red); draw(P--Q, blue); draw(Q--Z, red); draw(A--P2, blue); draw(O--H, darkgreen+linewidth(1.2)); draw((1.4*Z-0.4*Y)--(4.6*Y-3.6*Z), red+linewidth(1.2)); draw(rightanglemark(R,Y,A,10), red); draw(rightanglemark(Q,Z,B,10), red); draw(rightanglemark(C,Q2,P,10), blue); draw(rightanglemark(A,R2,P,10), blue); draw(rightanglemark(B,P2,H,10), blue); label("$\textcolor{blue}{H}$",H,NW); label("$\textcolor{blue}{P}$",P,N); label("$A$",A,W); label("$B$",B,N); label("$C$",C,S); label("$O$",O,S); label("$\textcolor{blue}{Q}$",Q,E); label("$\textcolor{blue}{R}$",R,W); label("$\textcolor{red}{Y}$",Y,S); label("$\textcolor{red}{Z}$",Z,NW); dot(A, filltype=FillDraw(black)); dot(B, filltype=FillDraw(black)); dot(C, filltype=FillDraw(black)); dot(H, filltype=FillDraw(blue)); dot(P, filltype=FillDraw(blue)); dot(Q, filltype=FillDraw(blue)); dot(R, filltype=FillDraw(blue)); dot(Y, filltype=FillDraw(red)); dot(Z, filltype=FillDraw(red)); dot(O, filltype=FillDraw(black)); [/asy]

As shown in the diagram, three circles of radius $1$ are all externally tangent to each other, and there are two circles that are tangent to all three of these circles. Find the area of the shaded region. [asy] size(5cm); real r=2/sqrt(3)-1, R=2/sqrt(3)+1; pair O=(0,0), C_1=O+(0,2/sqrt(3)), C_2=O+(-1,-1/sqrt(3)), C_3=O+(1,-1/sqrt(3)); fill(circle(O,R),rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5)); draw(circle(O,R)); fill(circle(C_1,1),rgb(1,1,1)); draw(circle(C_1,1)); fill(circle(C_2,1),rgb(1,1,1)); draw(circle(C_2,1)); fill(circle(C_3,1),rgb(1,1,1)); draw(circle(C_3,1)); fill(circle(O,r),rgb(1,1,1)); draw(circle(O,r)); [/asy]

A circle of radius $ r$ is inscribed in a right isosceles triangle, and a circle of radius $ R$ is circumscribed about the triangle. Then $ R/r$ equals $ \textbf{(A)}\ 1\plus{}\sqrt2\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \frac{2\plus{}\sqrt2}2 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \frac{\sqrt2\minus{}1}2 \qquad$ $ \textbf{(D)}\ \frac{1\plus{}\sqrt2}2 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 2(2\minus{}\sqrt2)$

A projectile in flight is observed simultaneously from four radio stations which are situated at the corners of a square of side $b$. The distances of the projectile from the four stations, taken in order around the square, are found to be $R_1 , R_2 , R_3 $ and $R_4$. Show that $$R_{1}^{2}+ R_{3}^{2}= R_{2}^{2}+ R_{4}^{2}.$$ Show also that the height $h$ of the projectile above the ground is given by $$h^{2}=- \frac{1}{2} b^2 +\frac{1}{4}(R_{1}^{2}+R_{2}^{2}+R_{3}^{2}+R_{4}^{2}) -\frac{1}{8 b^{2}}(R_{1}^{4}+R_{2}^{4}+R_{3}^{4}+R_{4}^{4}- 2 R_{1}^{2}R_{3}^{2} -2 R_{2}^{2} R_{4}^{2}).$$

Alice drew a regular $2021$-gon in the plane. Bob then labeled each vertex of the $2021$-gon with a real number, in such a way that the labels of consecutive vertices differ by at most $1$. Then, for every pair of non-consecutive vertices whose labels differ by at most $1$, Alice drew a diagonal connecting them. Let $d$ be the number of diagonals Alice drew. Find the least possible value that $d$ can obtain.

Let $n,k$ be positive integers such that n is not divisible by 3 and $k \geq n$. Prove that there exists a positive integer $m$ which is divisible by $n$ and the sum of its digits in decimal representation is $k$.

What is more $\frac{2}{201}$ or $\ln\frac{101}{100}$? (No differential calculus allowed).

Aaron takes a square sheet of paper, with one corner labeled $A$. Point $P$ is chosen at random inside of the square and Aaron folds the paper so that points $A$ and $P$ coincide. He cuts the sheet along the crease and discards the piece containing $A$. Let $p$ be the probability that the remaining piece is a pentagon. Find the integer nearest to $100p$. [i]Proposed by Aaron Lin[/i]

Let $ABC$ be a right-angled triangle with $\angle BAC = 90^{\circ}$. Let the height from $A$ cut its side $BC$ at $D$. Let $I, I_B, I_C$ be the incenters of triangles $ABC, ABD, ACD$ respectively. Let also $EB, EC$ be the excenters of $ABC$ with respect to vertices $B$ and $C$ respectively. If $K$ is the point of intersection of the circumcircles of $E_CIB_I$ and $E_BIC_I$, show that $KI$ passes through the midpoint $M$ of side $BC$.

Let $f:\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\{ 1,2,\ldots ,n\}$ be a function such that $f(x)\not= f(y)$, for all $x,y\in\mathbb{Z}$ such that $|x-y|\in\{2,3,5\}$. Prove that $n\ge 4$. [i]Ioan Tomescu[/i]

Determine the largest two-digit number $d$ with the following property: for any six-digit number $\overline{aabbcc}$ number $d$ is a divisor of the number $\overline{aabbcc}$ if and only if the number $d$ is a divisor of the corresponding three-digit number $\overline{abc}$. Note The numbers $a \ne 0, b$ and $c$ need not be different.

Find all positive integers m, n such that $m^3 - n^3 = 999$.

Let $a,b,c,d,e,f$ be real numbers such that $a^2+b^2+c^2=14, d^2+e^2+f^2=77,$ and $ad+be+cf=32.$ Find $(bf-ce)^2+(cd-af)^2+(ae-bd)^2.$