Olympiad problems

MIPT Undergraduate Contest 2019, 2.2

Petya and Vasya are playing the following game. Petya chooses a non-negative random value $\xi$ with expectation $\mathbb{E} [\xi ] = 1$, after which Vasya chooses his own value $\eta$ with expectation $\mathbb{E} [\eta ] = 1$ without reference to the value of $\xi$. For which maximal value $p$ can Petya choose a value $\xi$ in such a way that for any choice of Vasya's $\eta$, the inequality $\mathbb{P}[\eta \geq \xi ] \leq p$ holds?

2010 Contests, 2

Tags: circumcircle , rotation , analytic geometry , perpendicular bisector , lalala , geometry

$AB$ is a diameter of a circle with center $O$. Let $C$ and $D$ be two different points on the circle on the same side of $AB$, and the lines tangent to the circle at points $C$ and $D$ meet at $E$. Segments $AD$ and $BC$ meet at $F$. Lines $EF$ and $AB$ meet at $M$. Prove that $E,C,M$ and $D$ are concyclic.

2023 LMT Spring, 9

Tags: geometry

In $\vartriangle ABC$, $AB = 13$, $BC = 14,$ and $C A = 15$. Let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $B$ onto $C A$, and $C$ onto $AB$, respectively. A line $\ell$ is parallel to $EF$ and tangent to the circumcircle of $ABC$ on minor arc $BC$. Let $X$ and $Y$ be the intersections of $\ell$ with $AB$ and $AC$ respectively. Find $X Y$ .

2019 Moldova Team Selection Test, 5

Tags: geometry

Point $H$ is the orthocenter of the scalene triangle $ABC.$ A line, which passes through point $H$, intersect the sides $AB$ and $AC$ at points $D$ and $E$, respectively, such that $AD=AE.$ Let $M$ be the midpoint of side $BC.$ Line $MH$ intersects the circumscribed circle of triangle $ABC$ at point $K$, which is on the smaller arc $AB$. Prove that Nibab can draw a circle through $A, D, E$ and $K.$

2000 Taiwan National Olympiad, 1

Tags: euler , function , modular arithmetic , quadratic , prime number , number theory

Suppose that for some $m,n\in\mathbb{N}$ we have $\varphi (5^m-1)=5^n-1$, where $\varphi$ denotes the Euler function. Show that $(m,n)>1$.

2013 AMC 10, 3

Tags:

On a particular January day, the high temperature in Lincoln, Nebraska, was 16 degrees higher than the low temperature, and the average of the high and low temperatures was $3^{\circ}$. In degrees, what was the low temperature in Lincoln that day? $\textbf{(A) }-13\qquad\textbf{(B) }-8\qquad\textbf{(C) }-5\qquad\textbf{(D) }3\qquad\textbf{(E) }11$

1998 Belarus Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: vector , combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , extremal combinatorics , geometry

For each finite set $ U$ of nonzero vectors in the plane we define $ l(U)$ to be the length of the vector that is the sum of all vectors in $ U.$ Given a finite set $ V$ of nonzero vectors in the plane, a subset $ B$ of $ V$ is said to be maximal if $ l(B)$ is greater than or equal to $ l(A)$ for each nonempty subset $ A$ of $ V.$ (a) Construct sets of 4 and 5 vectors that have 8 and 10 maximal subsets respectively. (b) Show that, for any set $ V$ consisting of $ n \geq 1$ vectors the number of maximal subsets is less than or equal to $ 2n.$

2016 Korea Junior Math Olympiad, 2

Tags: geometry , incenter

A non-isosceles triangle $\triangle ABC$ has its incircle tangent to $BC, CA, AB$ at points $D, E, F$. Let the incenter be $I$. Say $AD$ hits the incircle again at $G$, at let the tangent to the incircle at $G$ hit $AC$ at $H$. Let $IH \cap AD = K$, and let the foot of the perpendicular from $I$ to $AD$ be $L$. Prove that $IE \cdot IK= IC \cdot IL$.

2009 AIME Problems, 14

Tags: linear algebra , matrix , modular arithmetic

For $ t \equal{} 1, 2, 3, 4$, define $ \displaystyle S_t \equal{} \sum_{i \equal{} 1}^{350}a_i^t$, where $ a_i \in \{1,2,3,4\}$. If $ S_1 \equal{} 513$ and $ S_4 \equal{} 4745$, find the minimum possible value for $ S_2$.

1957 AMC 12/AHSME, 29

Tags: inequalities

The relation $ x^2(x^2 \minus{} 1)\ge 0$ is true only for: $ \textbf{(A)}\ x \ge 1\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \minus{} 1 \le x \le 1\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ x \equal{} 0,\, x \equal{} 1,\, x \equal{} \minus{} 1\qquad \\\textbf{(D)}\ x \equal{} 0,\, x \le \minus{} 1,\, x \ge 1\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ x \ge 0$

2012 Indonesia MO, 3

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , angle bisector , perpendicular

Given an acute triangle $ABC$ with $AB>AC$ that has circumcenter $O$. Line $BO$ and $CO$ meet the bisector of $\angle BAC$ at $P$ and $Q$, respectively. Moreover, line $BQ$ and $CP$ meet at $R$. Show that $AR$ is perpendicular to $BC$. [i]Proposer: Soewono and Fajar Yuliawan[/i]

2018 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competitions, 6

Tags: algebra

Three students $A, B$ and $C$ are traveling from a location on the National Highway No.$5$ on direction to Hanoi for participating the HOMC $2018$. At beginning, $A$ takes $B$ on the motocycle, and at the same time $C$ rides the bicycle. After one hour and a half, $B$ switches to a bicycle and immediately continues the trip to Hanoi, while $A$ returns to pick up $C$. Upon meeting, $C$ continues the travel on the motocycle to Hanoi with $A$. Finally, all three students arrive in Hanoi at the same time. Suppose that the average speed of the motocycle is $50$ km per hour and of the both bicycles are $10$ km per hour. Find the distance from the starting point to Hanoi.

1993 All-Russian Olympiad, 3

Tags: floor function , pigeonhole principle , combinatorics

What is the maximum number of checkers it is possible to put on a $ n \times n$ chessboard such that in every row and in every column there is an even number of checkers?

2018 Abels Math Contest (Norwegian MO) Final, 1

Tags: factorial , modulo , residue , number theory

For an odd number n, we write $n!! = n\cdot (n-2)...3 \cdot 1$. How many different residues modulo $1000$ do you get from $n!!$ for $n= 1, 3, 5, …$?

2005 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 1

Tags: calculus , analytic geometry , graphing lines , slope

Let $ f(x) = x^3 + ax + b $, with $ a \ne b $, and suppose the tangent lines to the graph of $f$ at $x=a$ and $x=b$ are parallel. Find $f(1)$.

2008 China Team Selection Test, 4

Tags: induction , combinatorics

Prove that for arbitary positive integer $ n\geq 4$, there exists a permutation of the subsets that contain at least two elements of the set $ G_{n} \equal{} \{1,2,3,\cdots,n\}$: $ P_{1},P_{2},\cdots,P_{2^n \minus{} n \minus{} 1}$ such that $ |P_{i}\cap P_{i \plus{} 1}| \equal{} 2,i \equal{} 1,2,\cdots,2^n \minus{} n \minus{} 2.$

2005 iTest, 32

Tags: analytic geometry

Find the shortest distance between the points $(3,5)$ and $(7,8)$.

2021 Azerbaijan IZhO TST, 2

Tags: combinatorics

Find the number of ways to color $n \times m$ board with white and black colors such that any $2 \times 2$ square contains the same number of black and white cells.

2010 Contests, 2

Tags: search , inequalities

$a,b,c$ are positive real numbers. prove the following inequality: $\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{1}{(a+b+c)^2}\ge \frac{7}{25}(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a+b+c})^2$ (20 points)

1968 Putnam, B5

Tags: finite field , matrix

Let $S$ be the set of $2\times2$-matrices over $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ with trace $1$ and determinant $0$. Determine $|S|$.

2010 IMO Shortlist, 4

Tags: algebra , inequality , sequence , get the smallest

A sequence $x_1, x_2, \ldots$ is defined by $x_1 = 1$ and $x_{2k}=-x_k, x_{2k-1} = (-1)^{k+1}x_k$ for all $k \geq 1.$ Prove that $\forall n \geq 1$ $x_1 + x_2 + \ldots + x_n \geq 0.$ [i]Proposed by Gerhard Wöginger, Austria[/i]

2018 CMIMC Geometry, 7

Tags: geometry , circumcircle

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB=10$, $AC=11$, and circumradius $6$. Points $D$ and $E$ are located on the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ such that $\triangle ADE$ is equilateral. Line segments $\overline{DE}$ and $\overline{BC}$ intersect at $X$. Find $\tfrac{BX}{XC}$.

1958 Kurschak Competition, 1

Tags: combinatorics , combinatorial geometry , obtuse

Given any six points in the plane, no three collinear, show that we can always find three which form an obtuse-angled triangle with one angle at least $120^o$.

2019 Yasinsky Geometry Olympiad, p4

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , isosceles , isosceles triangle

Let $ABC$ be a triangle, $O$ is the center of the circle circumscribed around it, $AD$ the diameter of this circle. It is known that the lines $CO$ and $DB$ are parallel. Prove that the triangle $ABC$ is isosceles. (Andrey Mostovy)

1991 China Team Selection Test, 2

Tags: function , number theory

Let $f$ be a function $f: \mathbb{N} \cup \{0\} \mapsto \mathbb{N},$ and satisfies the following conditions: (1) $f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1,$ (2) $f(n+2) = 23 \cdot f(n+1) + f(n), n = 0,1, \ldots.$ Prove that for any $m \in \mathbb{N}$, there exist a $d \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $m | f(f(n)) \Leftrightarrow d | n.$