For $ n \in \mathbb{N}$, let $ f(n)\equal{}1^n\plus{}2^{n\minus{}1}\plus{}3^{n\minus{}2}\plus{}...\plus{}n^1$. Determine the minimum value of: $ \frac{f(n\plus{}1)}{f(n)}.$

For positive real $x$, let $$B_n(x)=1^x+2^x+\ldots+n^x.$$Prove or disprove the convergence of $$\sum_{n=2}^\infty\frac{B_n(\log_n2)}{(n\log_2n)^2}.$$

We consider the set of expressions that can be written with real numbers, $\pm$, $+$, $\times$, and parenthesis, such that if each $\pm$ is independently replaced with either $+$ or $-$, we are left with a valid arithmetic expression. For example, this includes: \[0\pm 1, 1 \pm 2, 1+2\times (1+2\pm 3), (1 \pm 2) \times (3 \pm 4).\] We define the [i]range[/i] of an expression of this form to be the set of all of the possible values when replacing each $\pm$ with either a $+$ or a $-$. For example, [list] [*] $1 \pm 2$ has range $\{-1,3\}$, since $1-2=-1$ and $1+2=3$. [*] $(1 \pm 1) \times (1 \pm 1)$ has range $\{0,4\}$, since $(1-1)(1-1)=(1-1)(1+1)=(1+1)(1-1)=0$ and $(1+1)(1+1)=4.$ [*] $(1 \pm 2)(3\pm 4)$ has range $\{-7,-3,1,21\}$, since $(1-2)(3+4)=-7$, $(1+2)(3-4)=-3$, $(1-2)(3-4)=1$, and $(1+2)(3+4)=21$. [/list] We will prove that every finite nonempty set of real numbers is the range of some expression of this form. Call a nonempty set of real numbers [i]good[/i] if it is the range of some expression of this form. (a) For each of the following sets, find an expression with a range equal to the given set. You do not need to justify the expression. [list=i] [*] $\{1\}$ [*] $\{1,3\}$ [*] $\{-1,0,1\}$ [/list] (b) Prove that if $S$ and $T$ are good sets, the product set $S \cdot T = \{ xy \mid x \in S, y \in T \}$ (the set of product of elements of $S$ with elements of $T$) is good. (c) Prove that if a set $S$ not containing $0$ is good, the set $S \cup \{ 0 \}$ (obtained upon adding $0$ to $S$) is good. (d) Prove that every finite nonempty set of real numbers is good.

Let $n\geqslant 3$ be a positive integer. A circular necklace is called [i]fun[/i] if it has $n{}$ black beads and $n{}$ white beads. A move consists of cutting out a segment of consecutive beads and reattaching it in reverse. Prove that it is possible to change any fun necklace into any other fun necklace using at most $(n-1)$ moves. [i]Note:[/i] Necklaces related by rotations or reflections are considered to be the same. [i]Proposed by Dylan Toh[/i]

For non-coplanar points are given in space. A plane $\pi$ is called [i]equalizing [/i] if all four points have the same distance from $\pi$. Find the number of equilizing planes.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $AB > AC$. The internal angle bisector of $\angle BAC$ intersects the side $BC$ at $D$. The circles with diameters $BD$ and $CD$ intersect the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ a second time at $P \not= B$ and $Q \not= C$, respectively. The lines $PQ$ and $BC$ intersect at $X$. Prove that $AX$ is tangent to the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$.

Harry the knight is positioned at the origin of the Cartesian plane. In a "knight hop", Harry can move from the point $(i,j)$ to a point with integer coordinates that is a distance of $\sqrt{5}$ away from $(i,j)$. What is the number of ways that Harry can return to the origin after 6 knight hops? [i]Proposed by Harry Kim[/i]

Let $ABCD$ be a trapezoid with $AB // CD$, $2|AB| = |CD|$ and $BD \perp BC$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $CD$ and let $E$ be the intersection $BC$ and $AD$. Let $O$ be the intersection of $AM$ and $BD$. Let $N$ be the intersection of $OE$ and $AB$. (a) Prove that $ABMD$ is a rhombus. (b) Prove that the line $DN$ passes through the midpoint of the line segment $BE$.

Let $ABC$ be an acute angled triangle$.$ Let $D$ be the foot of the internal angle bisector of $\angle BAC$ and let $M$ be the midpoint of $AD.$ Let $X$ be a point on segment $BM$ such that $\angle MXA=\angle DAC.$ Prove that $AX$ is perpendicular to $XC.$

Let $n\ge 3$ be an integer, and let $a_2,a_3,\ldots ,a_n$ be positive real numbers such that $a_{2}a_{3}\cdots a_{n}=1$. Prove that \[(1 + a_2)^2 (1 + a_3)^3 \dotsm (1 + a_n)^n > n^n.\] [i]Proposed by Angelo Di Pasquale, Australia[/i]

Anja and Bernd take turns in removing stones from a heap, initially consisting of $n$ stones ($n \ge 2$). Anja begins, removing at least one but not all the stones. Afterwards, in each turn the player has to remove at least one stone and at most as many stones as removed in the preceding move. The player removing the last stone wins. Depending on the value of $n$, which player can ensure a win?

Square $S_1$ is inscribed inside circle $C_1$, which is inscribed inside square $S_2$, which is inscribed inside circle $C_2$, which is inscribed inside square $S_3$, which is inscribed inside circle $C_3$, which is inscribed inside square $S_4$. [center]<see attached>[/center] Let $a$ be the side length of $S_4$, and let $b$ be the side length of $S_1$. What is $\tfrac{a}{b}$?

Find the value of $\frac{2014^3-2013^3-1}{2013\times 2014}$. $ \textbf{(A) }3\qquad\textbf{(B) }5\qquad\textbf{(C) }7\qquad\textbf{(D) }9\qquad\textbf{(E) }11 $

Let $p(k)$ be the smallest prime not dividing $k$. Put $q(k) = 1$ if $p(k) = 2$, or the product of all primes $< p(k)$ if $p(k) > 2$. Define the sequence $x_0, x_1, x_2, ...$ by $x_0 = 1$, $x_{n+1} = \frac{x_np(x_n)}{q(x_n)}$. Find all $n$ such that $x_n = 111111$

If $a,b,c$ are positive real numbers with $abc=1$, prove that (a) \[2\left(\frac{ab}{a+b}+\frac{bc}{b+c}+\frac{ca}{c+a}\right) \geqslant \frac{9}{ab+bc+ca}\] (b)\[2\left(\frac{ab}{a+b}+\frac{bc}{b+c}+\frac{ca}{c+a}\right) \geqslant \frac{9}{a^2 b+b^2 c+c^2 a}\]

Let $\vartriangle ABC$ be a triangle with an obtuse angle $\angle ACB$. The incircle of $\vartriangle ABC$ centered at $I$ is tangent to the sides $AB, BC, CA$ at $D, E, F$ respectively. Lines $AI$ and $BI$ intersect $EF$ at $M$ and $N$ respectively. Let $G$ be the midpoint of $AB$. Show that $M, N, G, D$ lie on a circle.

Let $AXYZB$ be a convex pentagon inscribed in a semicircle with diameter $AB$. Suppose that $AZ-AX=6$, $BX-BZ=9$, $AY=12$, and $BY=5$. Find the greatest integer not exceeding the perimeter of quadrilateral $OXYZ$, where $O$ is the midpoint of $AB$. [i]Proposed by Evan Chen[/i]

Aida made three cubes with positive integer side lengths $a,b,c$. They were too small for her, so she divided them into unit cubes and attempted to construct a cube of side $a+b+c$. Unfortunately, she was $648$ blocks off. How many possibilities of the ordered triple $\left(a,b,c\right)$ are there? [i]2017 CCA Math Bonanza Team Round #9[/i]

Let $p$ be a prime number. Find all positive integers $a$ and $b$ such that: $\frac{4a + p}{b}+\frac{4b + p}{a}$ and $ \frac{a^2}{b}+\frac{b^2}{a}$ are integers.

Three sequences $(a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_n)$, $(b_0, b_1, \ldots, b_{n})$, $(c_0, c_1, \ldots, c_{2n})$ of non-negative real numbers are given such that for all $0\leq i,j\leq n$ we have $a_ib_j\leq (c_{i+j})^2$. Prove that $$\sum_{i=0}^n a_i\cdot\sum_{j=0}^n b_j\leq \left( \sum_{k=0}^{2n} c_k\right)^2.$$

Be $x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4, x_5$ be positive reais with $x_1x_2x_3x_4x_5=1$. Prove that $$\frac{x_1+x_1x_2x_3}{1+x_1x_2+x_1x_2x_3x_4}+\frac{x_2+x_2x_3x_4}{1+x_2x_3+x_2x_3x_4x_5}+\frac{x_3+x_3x_4x_5}{1+x_3x_4+x_3x_4x_5x_1}+\frac{x_4+x_4x_5x_1}{1+x_4x_5+x_4x_5x_1x_2}+\frac{x_5+x_5x_1x_2}{1+x_5x_1+x_5x_1x_2x_3} \ge \frac{10}{3}$$

$a,b,c$ are the length of three sides of a triangle. Let $A= \frac{a^2 +bc}{b+c}+\frac{b^2 +ca}{c+a}+\frac{c^2 +ab}{a+b}$, $B=\frac{1}{\sqrt{(a+b-c)(b+c-a)}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{(b+c-a)(c+a-b)}}$$+\frac{1}{\sqrt{(c+a-b)(a+b-c)}}$. Prove that $AB \ge 9$.

There are $38$ people in the California Baseball League (CBL). The CBL cannot start playing games until people are split into teams of exactly $9$ people (with each person in exactly one team). Moreover, there must be an even number of teams. What is the fewest number of people who must join the CBL such that the CBL can start playing games? The CBL may not revoke membership of the $38$ people already in the CBL.

On the sides of triangle $ABC$, three similar triangles are constructed with triangle $YBA$ and triangle $ZAC$ in the exterior and triangle $XBC$ in the interior. (Above, the vertices of the triangles are ordered so that the similarities take vertices to corresponding vertices, for example, the similarity between triangle $YBA$ and triangle $ZAC$ takes $Y$ to $Z, B$ to $A$ and $A$ to $C$). Prove that $AYXZ$ is a parallelogram

Fifty teams participate in a round robin competition over 50 days. Moreover, all the teams (at least two) that show up in any day must play against each other. Prove that on every pair of consecutive days, there is a team that has to play on those two days.