Olympiad problems

2014 Czech-Polish-Slovak Junior Match, 3

Find with all integers $n$ when $|n^3 - 4n^2 + 3n - 35|$ and $|n^2 + 4n + 8|$ are prime numbers.

2013 F = Ma, 15

Tags: geometry , geometric transformation , rotation , quadratic

A uniform rod is partially in water with one end suspended, as shown in figure. The density of the rod is $5/9$ that of water. At equilibrium, what portion of the rod is above water? $\textbf{(A) } 0.25\\ \textbf{(B) } 0.33\\ \textbf{(C) } 0.5\\ \textbf{(D) } 0.67\\ \textbf{(E) } 0.75$

2024 UMD Math Competition Part I, #24

Tags: probability , number theory , geometry

Let $n\ge3$ be an integer. A regular $n$-gon $P$ is given. We randomly select three distinct vertices of $P$. The probability that these three vertices form an isosceles triangle is $1/m$, where $m$ is an integer. How many such integers $n\le 2024$ are there? \[\rm a. ~674\qquad \mathrm b. ~675\qquad \mathrm c. ~682 \qquad\mathrm d. ~684\qquad\mathrm e. ~685\]

2003 USAMO, 2

Tags: trig identities , law of cosines

A convex polygon $\mathcal{P}$ in the plane is dissected into smaller convex polygons by drawing all of its diagonals. The lengths of all sides and all diagonals of the polygon $\mathcal{P}$ are rational numbers. Prove that the lengths of all sides of all polygons in the dissection are also rational numbers.

2009 Brazil Team Selection Test, 2

Tags: geometry , circumcircle , reflection

In an acute triangle $ ABC$ segments $ BE$ and $ CF$ are altitudes. Two circles passing through the point $ A$ and $ F$ and tangent to the line $ BC$ at the points $ P$ and $ Q$ so that $ B$ lies between $ C$ and $ Q$. Prove that lines $ PE$ and $ QF$ intersect on the circumcircle of triangle $ AEF$. [i]Proposed by Davood Vakili, Iran[/i]

2016 Mathematical Talent Reward Programme, SAQ: P 3

Tags: number theory

Prove that for any positive integer $n$ there are $n$ consecutive composite numbers all less than $4^{n+2}$.

2004 Romania National Olympiad, 1

Tags: parabola , geometry , conic

Let $n \geq 3$ be an integer and $F$ be the focus of the parabola $y^2=2px$. A regular polygon $A_1 A_2 \ldots A_n$ has the center in $F$ and none of its vertices lie on $Ox$. $\left( FA_1 \right., \left( FA_2 \right., \ldots, \left( FA_n \right.$ intersect the parabola at $B_1,B_2,\ldots,B_n$. Prove that \[ FB_1 + FB_2 + \ldots + FB_n > np . \] [i]Calin Popescu[/i]

2024 Thailand October Camp, 3

Tags: geometry , spiral similarity , cartesian coordinates , complex bash , inversion

Let triangle $ ABC $ be an acute-angled triangle. Square $ AEFB $ and $ ADGC $ lie outside triangle $ ABC $. $ BD $ intersects $ CE $ at point $ H $, and $ BG $ intersects $ CF $ at point $ I $. The circumcircle of triangle $ BFI $ intersects the circumcircle of triangle $ CGI $ again at point $ K $. Prove that line segment $ HK $ bisects $ BC $.

2023 ISL, N5

Tags: number theory

Let $a_1<a_2<a_3<\dots$ be positive integers such that $a_{k+1}$ divides $2(a_1+a_2+\dots+a_k)$ for every $k\geqslant 1$. Suppose that for infinitely many primes $p$, there exists $k$ such that $p$ divides $a_k$. Prove that for every positive integer $n$, there exists $k$ such that $n$ divides $a_k$.

2005 All-Russian Olympiad, 1

Tags: function , abstract algebra , modular arithmetic , algebra , absolute value

Find the maximal possible finite number of roots of the equation $|x-a_1|+\dots+|x-a_{50}|=|x-b_1|+\dots+|x-b_{50}|$, where $a_1,\,a_2,\,\dots,a_{50},\,b_1,\dots,\,b_{50}$ are distinct reals.

2016 Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament, 4

Tags:

Let $n > 1$ be an odd integer. On an $n \times n$ chessboard the center square and four corners are deleted. We wish to group the remaining $n^2-5$ squares into $\frac12(n^2-5)$ pairs, such that the two squares in each pair intersect at exactly one point (i.e.\ they are diagonally adjacent, sharing a single corner). For which odd integers $n > 1$ is this possible?

2024 Ukraine National Mathematical Olympiad, Problem 2

Tags: combinatorics , grid , covering

For some positive integer $n$, consider the board $n\times n$. On this board you can put any rectangles with sides along the sides of the grid. What is the smallest number of such rectangles that must be placed so that all the cells of the board are covered by distinct numbers of rectangles (possibly $0$)? The rectangles are allowed to have the same sizes. [i]Proposed by Anton Trygub[/i]

2016 Purple Comet Problems, 27

Tags:

A container the shape of a pyramid has a 12 × 12 square base, and the other four edges each have length 11. The container is partially filled with liquid so that when one of its triangular faces is lying on a flat surface, the level of the liquid is half the distance from the surface to the top edge of the container. Find the volume of the liquid in the container. [center][img]https://snag.gy/CdvpUq.jpg[/img][/center]

2013 Estonia Team Selection Test, 6

Tags: combinatorics

A class consists of $7$ boys and $13$ girls. During the first three months of the school year, each boy has communicated with each girl at least once. Prove that there exist two boys and two girls such that both boys communicated with both girls first time in the same month.

2012 Purple Comet Problems, 29

Tags: function , probability , algebra , domain , relatively prime , number theory

Let $A=\{1, 3, 5, 7, 9\}$ and $B=\{2, 4, 6, 8, 10\}$. Let $f$ be a randomly chosen function from the set $A\cup B$ into itself. There are relatively prime positive integers $m$ and $n$ such that $\frac{m}{n}$ is the probablity that $f$ is a one-to-one function on $A\cup B$ given that it maps $A$ one-to-one into $A\cup B$ and it maps $B$ one-to-one into $A\cup B$. Find $m+n$.

2005 Tournament of Towns, 3

Tags: chessboard , chess rook

Originally, every square of $8 \times 8$ chessboard contains a rook. One by one, rooks which attack an odd number of others are removed. Find the maximal number of rooks that can be removed. (A rook attacks another rook if they are on the same row or column and there are no other rooks between them.) [i](5 points)[/i]

1957 AMC 12/AHSME, 23

Tags: linear equation , algebra

The graph of $ x^2 \plus{} y \equal{} 10$ and the graph of $ x \plus{} y \equal{} 10$ meet in two points. The distance between these two points is: $ \textbf{(A)}\ \text{less than 1} \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 1\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \sqrt{2}\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 2\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \text{more than 2}$

2015 Purple Comet Problems, 16

Tags:

\[\left(1 + \frac{1}{1+2^1}\right)\left(1+\frac{1}{1+2^2}\right)\left(1 + \frac{1}{1+2^3}\right)\cdots\left(1 + \frac{1}{1+2^{10}}\right)= \frac{m}{n},\] where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m + n$.

1981 Spain Mathematical Olympiad, 3

Tags: line , 3d geometry , geometry , symmetry

Given the intersecting lines $ r$ and $s$, consider the lines $u$ and $v$ as such what: a) $u$ is symmetric to $r$ with respect to $s$, b) $v$ is symmetric to $s$ with respect to $r$ . Determine the angle that the given lines must form such that $u$ and $v$ to be coplanar.

1997 IMO Shortlist, 17

Tags: number theory , equation , prime factorization

Find all pairs $ (a,b)$ of positive integers that satisfy the equation: $ a^{b^2} \equal{} b^a$.

2006 Czech and Slovak Olympiad III A, 4

Tags: incenter , geometry

Given a segment $AB$ in the plane. Let $C$ be another point in the same plane,$H,I,G$ denote the orthocenter,incenter and centroid of triangle $ABC$. Find the locus of $M$ for which $A,B,H,I$ are concyclic.

1976 IMO Longlists, 28

Tags: algebra

Let $Q$ be a unit square in the plane: $Q = [0, 1] \times [0, 1]$. Let $T :Q \longrightarrow Q$ be defined as follows: \[T(x, y) =\begin{cases} (2x, \frac{y}{2}) &\mbox{ if } 0 \le x \le \frac{1}{2};\\(2x - 1, \frac{y}{2}+ \frac{1}{2})&\mbox{ if } \frac{1}{2} < x \le 1.\end{cases}\] Show that for every disk $D \subset Q$ there exists an integer $n > 0$ such that $T^n(D) \cap D \neq \emptyset.$

2001 Tournament Of Towns, 1

Tags: polynomial , algebra

Find at least one polynomial $P(x)$ of degree 2001 such that $P(x)+P(1- x)=1$ holds for all real numbers $x$.

2017 Istmo Centroamericano MO, 5

Tags: combinatorics , max

Let $n$ be a positive integer. There is a board of $(n + 1) \times (n + 1)$ whose squares are numbered in a diagonal pattern, as as the picture shows. Chepito starts from the lower left square, and moving only up or to the right until he reaches the upper right box. During his tour, Chepito writes down the number of each box on the which made a change of direction, and in the end calculates the sum of all the numbers entered. Determine the maximum value of this sum. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/e/d/f9dc43092a1407d6fe6f1b2c741af015079946.png[/img]

2008 Bosnia Herzegovina Team Selection Test, 1

Tags: ceiling function , combinatorics

$ 8$ students took part in exam that contains $ 8$ questions. If it is known that each question was solved by at least $ 5$ students, prove that we can always find $ 2$ students such that each of questions was solved by at least one of them.