In triangle $ABC$ with $AB=8$ and $AC=10$, the incenter $I$ is reflected across side $AB$ to point $X$ and across side $AC$ to point $Y$. Given that segment $XY$ bisects $AI$, compute $BC^2$. (The incenter is the center of the inscribed circle of triangle .)

Given positive integers $k, m, n$ such that $1 \leq k \leq m \leq n$. Evaluate \[\sum^{n}_{i=0} \frac{(-1)^i}{n+k+i} \cdot \frac{(m+n+i)!}{i!(n-i)!(m+i)!}.\]

Consider those functions $ f$ that satisfy $ f(x \plus{} 4) \plus{} f(x \minus{} 4) \equal{} f(x)$ for all real $ x$. Any such function is periodic, and there is a least common positive period $ p$ for all of them. Find $ p$. $ \textbf{(A)}\ 8\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 12\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 16\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 24\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 32$

Solve the given system in prime numbers \begin{align*} x^2+yu = (x+u)^v \end{align*} \begin{align*} x^2+yz=u^4 \end{align*}

Let $a>0,b>0,c>0$ and $a+b+c=1$. Show the inequality $$\frac{a^4+b^4}{a^2+b^2}+\frac{b^3+c^3}{b+c} + \frac{2a^2+b^2+2c^2}{2} \geq \frac{1}{2}$$

Given a finite set $B$ of points in space, any two distances between the points of this set are different. Each point of the set $B$ is connected by a line segment to the closest point of the set $B$. This way we will get a set of sections, one of which (any chosen one) we paint red, all the remaining sections we paint green. Prove that there are two points of the set $B$ that cannot be connected by a line composed of green segments.

Real numbers are chosen at random from the interval $[0,1].$ If after choosing the $n$-th number the sum of the numbers so chosen first exceeds $1$, show that the expected value for $n$ is $e$.

Find all rational solutions to: \begin{eqnarray*} t^2 - w^2 + z^2 &=& 2xy \\ t^2 - y^2 + w^2 &=& 2xz \\ t^2 - w^2 + x^2 &=& 2yz . \end{eqnarray*}

Let $ABCD$ be a circumscribed quadrilateral and let $X$ be the intersection point of its diagonals $AC$ and $BD$. Let $I_1, I_2, I_3, I_4$ be the incenters of $\triangle DXC$, $\triangle BXC$, $\triangle AXB$, and $\triangle DXA$, respectively. The circumcircle of $\triangle CI_1I_2$ intersects the sides $CB$ and $CD$ at points $P$ and $Q$, respectively. The circumcircle of $\triangle AI_3I_4$ intersects the sides $AB$ and $AD$ at points $M$ and $N$, respectively. Prove that $AM+CQ=AN+CP$

We call an even positive integer $n$ [i]nice[/i] if the set $\{1, 2, \dots, n\}$ can be partitioned into $\frac{n}{2}$ two-element subsets, such that the sum of the elements in each subset is a power of $3$. For example, $6$ is nice, because the set $\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}$ can be partitioned into subsets $\{1, 2\}$, $\{3, 6\}$, $\{4, 5\}$. Find the number of nice positive integers which are smaller than $3^{2022}$.

[b]Classical Probability Distribution for Quantum States?[/b] The goal of this problem is to try and mimic a Statistical Mechanics approach to Quantum Mechanics. In Classical Statistical Mechanics one has the usual Gibbs-Boltzmann Formula which gives the probability distribution in phase-space to be: \[ \rho(x_1,\dots,x_n,p_1,\dots,p_n) \sim \exp(-\beta H(x_1,\dots,x_n,p_1,\dots,p_n))\] where $H$ is the Hamiltonian of the system. [list=1] [*] Why can't we demand a similar probability distribution over phase-space in Quantum Mechanics? \\ If the wave function $\psi(x_1,\dots,x_n)$ is given, we construct the following expression: \begin{align*} \begin{split} & P(x_1,\dots,x_n,p_1,\dots,p_n) \\ & = \left(\frac{1}{\pi\hbar}\right)^n \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \dots \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dy_1\dots dy_n \psi^*(x_1+y_1,\dots,x_n+y_n) \\ & \times \psi(x_1-y_1,\dots,x_n-y_n) \exp\left(\frac{2i}{\hbar}(p_1y_1+\dots+p_ny_n)\right) \end{split} \end{align*}[/*] [*] Show that, \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\dots\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dp_1\dots dp_n P(x_1,\dots,x_n,p_1,\dots,p_n) = \left|\psi(x_1,\dots,x_n)\right|^2\] which are the correct probabilities for the co-ordinates. [/*] [*] Show that, \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\dots\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dx_1\dots dx_n \, P(x_1,\dots,x_n,p_1,\dots,p_n) = \left|\tilde{\psi}(p_1,\dots,p_n)\right|^2\] which are the correct probabilities for the momenta where, \[ \tilde{\psi}(p_1,\dots,p_n) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\dots\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dx_1\dots dx_n \psi(x_1,\dots,x_n) \exp\left(-\frac{i}{\hbar}(x_1p_1+\dots+x_np_n)\right)\] is the Fourier transform of the wave-function $\psi(x_1,\dots,x_n)$. [/*] [*] The function $P$ defined above therefore seems to be a good candidate for a probability distribution in Quantum Mechanics. Would this not contradict part (a)? Give reasons to support your answer. [/*] [/list]

Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle BAC = 90^\circ$ and $AB > AC$. Let $D$ be the foot of the altitude from $A$ to $BC$, $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$ and $A'$ be the reflection of $A$ over $D$. Let the mediatrix of $DM$ intersect lines $AB$ and $A'C$ at $P$ and $Q$, respectively. Let $K$ be the intersection of lines $A'C$ and $AB$. Prove that $PQ$ is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle $QDK$.

Let $K, L, M$ be the feet of the altitudes drawn from the vertices $A, B, C$ of triangle $ABC$, respectively. Prove that $\overrightarrow{AK} + \overrightarrow{BL} + \overrightarrow{CM} = \overrightarrow{O}$ if and only if $ABC$ is equilateral.

$x$ and $y$ are positive real numbers where $x$ is $p$ percent of $y$, and $y$ is $4p$ percent of $x$. What is $p$?

Let $\vartriangle ABC$ be an equilateral triangle with side $1$. The points $P$, $Q$, $R$ are chosen on the sides of the segments $AB$, $BC$, $AC$ respectively in such a way that $$\frac{AP}{PB}=\frac{BQ}{QC}=\frac{CR}{RA}=\frac25.$$ Find the area of triangle $PQR$. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/8/4/6184d66bd3ae23db29a93eeef241c46ae0ad44.png[/img]

An equilateral triangle is given. A point lies on the incircle of this triangle. If the smallest two distances from the point to the sides of the triangle is $1$ and $4$, the sidelength of this equilateral triangle can be expressed as $\tfrac{a\sqrt b}c$ where $(a,c)=1$ and $b$ is not divisible by the square of an integer greater than $1$. Find $a+b+c$.

On a spherical surface there is a set $M{}$ with $n{}$ points with the property: for every point $A{}$ from $M{}$ there exist points $B$ and $C$ from $M{}$ such that the triangle $ABC$ is equilateral. For every equilateral triangle with vertexes in $M{}$ the perpendicular on its plane that goes through the geometric center of the other points from $M{}$. Prove that all these perpendiculars are concurrent.

Find all integers $x$ and $y$ such that $x^3\pm y^3 =2001p$, where $p$ is prime.

Acute-angled triangle $ABC$ is inscribed into circle $\Omega$. Lines tangent to $\Omega$ at $B$ and $C$ intersect at $P$. Points $D$ and $E$ are on $AB$ and $AC$ such that $PD$ and $PE$ are perpendicular to $AB$ and $AC$ respectively. Prove that the orthocentre of triangle $ADE$ is the midpoint of $BC$.

Alicia had two containers. The first was $\tfrac{5}{6}$ full of water and the second was empty. She poured all the water from the first container into the second container, at which point the second container was $\tfrac{3}{4}$ full of water. What is the ratio of the volume of the first container to the volume of the second container? $\textbf{(A) } \frac{5}{8} \qquad \textbf{(B) } \frac{4}{5} \qquad \textbf{(C) } \frac{7}{8} \qquad \textbf{(D) } \frac{9}{10} \qquad \textbf{(E) } \frac{11}{12}$

[list=1] [*] Prove that, the sequence of remainders obtained when the Fibonacci numbers are divided by $n$ is periodic, where $n$ is a natural number. [*] There exists no such non-constant polynomial with integer coefficients such that for every Fibonacci number $n,$ $ P(n)$ is a prime. [/list]

Prove that for any four real numbers $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, the inequality \[ \left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-d\right)\left(d-a\right)+\left(a-c\right)^2\left(b-d\right)^2\geq 0 \] holds. [hide="comment"]This is inequality (350) in: Mihai Onucu Drimbe, [i]Inegalitati, idei si metode[/i], Zalau: Gil, 2003. Posted here only for the sake of completeness; in fact, it is more or less the same as http://www.mathlinks.ro/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=3152 .[/hide] Darij

Find all pairs $(a, p)$ of positive integers, where $p$ is a prime, such that for any pair of positive integers $m$ and $n$ the remainder obtained when $a^{2^n}$ is divided by $p^n$ is non-zero and equals the remainder obtained when $a^{2^m}$ is divided by $p^m$.

Michael is celebrating his fifteenth birthday today. How many Sundays have there been in his lifetime?

Let $n \ge 3$ be a positive integer. We call a $3 \times 3$ grid [i]beautiful[/i] if the cell located at the center is colored white and all other cells are colored black, or if it is colored black and all other cells are colored white. Determine the minimum value of $a+b$ such that there exist positive integers $a$, $b$ and a coloring of an $a \times b$ grid with black and white, so that it contains $n^2 - n$ [i]beautiful[/i] subgrids.