Denote by $\lfloor x\rfloor$ the greatest positive integer less than or equal to $x$. Let $m\ge2$ be an integer, and let $s$ be a real number between $0$ and $1$. Define an infinite sequence of real numbers $a_1, a_2, a_3,\ldots$ by setting $a_1 = s$ and $ak = ma_{k-1}-(m-1)\lfloor a_{k-1}\rfloor$ for all $k\ge2$. For example, if $m = 3$ and $s = \tfrac58$, then we get $a_1 = \tfrac58$, $a_2 = \tfrac{15}8$, $a_3 = \tfrac{29}8$, $a_4 = \tfrac{39}8$, and so on. Call the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3,\ldots$ $\textbf{orderly}$ if we can find rational numbers $b, c$ such that $\lfloor a_n\rfloor = \lfloor bn + c\rfloor$ for all $n\ge1$. With the example above where $m = 3$ and $s = \tfrac58$, we get an orderly sequence since $\lfloor a_n\rfloor = \left\lfloor\tfrac{3n}2-\tfrac32\right\rfloor$ for all $n$. Show that if $s$ is an irrational number and $m\ge2$ is any integer, then the sequence $a_1, a_2, a_3,\ldots$ is $\textbf{not}$ an orderly sequence.

2500 chess kings have to be placed on a $100 \times 100$ chessboard so that [b](i)[/b] no king can capture any other one (i.e. no two kings are placed in two squares sharing a common vertex); [b](ii)[/b] each row and each column contains exactly 25 kings. Find the number of such arrangements. (Two arrangements differing by rotation or symmetry are supposed to be different.) [i]Proposed by Sergei Berlov, Russia[/i]

Calculate to the first order in $\epsilon$ the effect that the influence of the flattening of the earth ($\epsilon\approx 1/300$) on the gravitational field of the earth has on the distance of the moon (assuming the earth to be homogeneous).

Given a matrix $\{a_{ij}\}_{i,j=0}^{9}$, $a_{ij}=10i+j+1$. Andrei is going to cover its entries by $50$ rectangles $1\times 2$ (each such rectangle contains two adjacent entries) so that the sum of $50$ products in these rectangles is minimal possible. Help him. [i]A. Badzyan[/i]

The length of the middle line of a trapezoid is $4$ and the angles at one of the bases are $40^\circ$ and $50^\circ$. Determine the lengths of the bases if the distance between their midpoints is $1$.

Consider the following layouts of nine triangles with the letters $A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I$ in its interior. [asy] /* Geogebra to Asymptote conversion, documentation at artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki, go to User:Azjps/geogebra */ import graph; size(200); real labelscalefactor = 0.5; /* changes label-to-point distance */ pen dps = linewidth(0.7) + fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); /* default pen style */ pen dotstyle = black; /* point style */ real xmin = 1.740000000000003, xmax = 8.400000000000013, ymin = 3.500000000000005, ymax = 9.360000000000012; /* image dimensions */ draw((5.020000000000005,8.820000000000011)--(2.560000000000003,4.580000000000005)--(7.461947712046029,4.569577506690286)--cycle); /* draw figures */ draw((5.020000000000005,8.820000000000011)--(2.560000000000003,4.580000000000005)); draw((2.560000000000003,4.580000000000005)--(7.461947712046029,4.569577506690286)); draw((7.461947712046029,4.569577506690286)--(5.020000000000005,8.820000000000011)); draw((3.382989341689345,5.990838871467448)--(4.193333333333338,4.580000000000005)); draw((4.202511849578174,7.405966442513598)--(5.828619600041468,4.573707435672692)); draw((5.841878190157451,7.408513542990484)--(4.193333333333338,4.580000000000005)); draw((6.656214943659867,5.990342259816768)--(5.828619600041468,4.573707435672692)); draw((4.202511849578174,7.405966442513598)--(5.841878190157451,7.408513542990484)); draw((3.382989341689345,5.990838871467448)--(6.656214943659867,5.990342259816768)); label("\textbf{A}",(4.840000000000007,8.020000000000010),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{B}",(3.980000000000006,6.640000000000009),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{C}",(4.820000000000007,7.000000000000010),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{D}",(5.660000000000008,6.580000000000008),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{E}",(3.160000000000005,5.180000000000006),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{F}",(4.020000000000006,5.600000000000008),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{G}",(4.800000000000007,5.200000000000007),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{H}",(5.680000000000009,5.620000000000007),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); label("\textbf{I}",(6.460000000000010,5.140000000000006),SE*labelscalefactor,fontsize(22)); /* dots and labels */ clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle); /* end of picture */[/asy] A sequence of letters, each letter chosen from$ A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I$ is said to be [i]triangle-friendly[/i] if the first and last letter of the sequence is $C$, and for every letter except the first letter, the triangle containing this letter shares an edge with the triangle containing the previous letter in the sequence. For example, the letter after $C$ must be either $A, B$, or $D$. For example, $CBF BC$ is triangle-friendly, but $CBF GH$ and $CBBHC$ are not. [list] [*] (a) Determine the number of triangle-friendly sequences with $2012$ letters. [*] (b) Determine the number of triangle-friendly sequences with exactly $2013$ letters.[/list]

Let $ ABC$ be an equilateral triangle and $ P$ in its interior. The distances from $ P$ to the triangle's sides are denoted by $ a^2, b^2,c^2$ respectively, where $ a,b,c>0$. Find the locus of the points $ P$ for which $ a,b,c$ can be the sides of a non-degenerate triangle.

Find the sum of all the positive divisors of $27000$.

Find all positive integers $n$ such that the decimal representation of $n^2$ consists of odd digits only.

$a_{n}$ is a sequence that $a_{1}=1,a_{2}=2,a_{3}=3$, and \[a_{n+1}=a_{n}-a_{n-1}+\frac{a_{n}^{2}}{a_{n-2}}\] Prove that for each natural $n$, $a_{n}$ is integer.

Two circles $ (O_1)$ and $ (O_2)$ touch externally at the point $C$ and internally at the points $A$ and $B$ respectively with another circle $(O)$. Suppose that the common tangent of $ (O_1)$ and $ (O_2)$ at $C$ meets $(O)$ at $P$ such that $PA=PB$. Prove that $PO$ is perpendicular to $AB$.

Joe is given a permutation $p = (a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_{5})$ of $(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)$. A [i]swap[/i] is an ordered pair $(i, j)$ with $1 \le i < j \le 5$, and this allows Joe to swap the positions $i$ and $j$ in the permutation. For example, if Joe starts with the permutation $(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)$, and uses the swaps $(1, 2)$ and $(1, 3)$, the permutation becomes \[(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) \rightarrow (2, 1, 3, 4, 5) \rightarrow (3, 1, 2, 4, 5). \]Out of all $\tbinom{5}{2} = 10$ swaps, Joe chooses $4$ of them to be in a set of swaps $S$. Joe notices that from $p$ he could reach any permutation of $(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)$ using only the swaps in $S$. How many different sets are possible? [i]Proposed by Yang Liu[/i]

Given an integer $ n > 3.$ Prove that there exists a set $ S$ consisting of $ n$ pairwisely distinct positive integers such that for any two different non-empty subset of $ S$:$ A,B, \frac {\sum_{x\in A}x}{|A|}$ and $ \frac {\sum_{x\in B}x}{|B|}$ are two composites which share no common divisors.

Consider the $n \times n$ “multiplication table” below. The numbers in the first column multiplied by the numbers in the first row give the remaining numbers in the table. [asy] import graph; size(3.5cm); for (int x=0; x<=5; ++x) draw((x, 0) -- (x, 5), linewidth(.5pt)); for (int y=0; y<=5; ++y) draw((0, y) -- (5, y), linewidth(.5pt)); draw((0,0)--(5,0)--(5,5)--(0,5)--cycle); void foo(int x, int y, string n) { label(n, (x+0.5, y+0.5)); } foo(0, 4, "1"); foo(1, 4, "2"); foo(2, 4, "3"); foo(3, 4, "$\dots$"); foo(4, 4, "$n$"); foo(0, 3, "2"); foo(1, 3, "4"); foo(2, 3, "6"); foo(3, 3, "$\dots$"); foo(4, 3, "$2n$"); foo(0, 2, "3"); foo(1, 2, "6"); foo(2, 2, "9"); foo(3, 2, "$\dots$"); foo(4, 2, "$3n$"); foo(0, 1, "$\vdots$"); foo(1, 1, "$\vdots$"); foo(2, 1, "$\vdots$"); foo(3, 1, "$\ddots$"); foo(4, 1, "$\vdots$"); foo(0, 0, "$n$"); foo(1, 0, "$2n$"); foo(2, 0, "$3n$"); foo(3, 0, "$\dots$"); foo(4, 0, "$n^2$"); [/asy] We create a path from the upper-left square to the lower-right square by always moving one cell either to the right or down. For example, in the case $n = 5$, here is one such possible path, with all the numbers along the path circled: [asy] import graph; size(3.5cm); for (int x=0; x<=5; ++x) draw((x, 0) -- (x, 5), linewidth(.5pt)); for (int y=0; y<=5; ++y) draw((0, y) -- (5, y), linewidth(.5pt)); draw((0,0)--(5,0)--(5,5)--(0,5)--cycle); void foo(int x, int y, string n) { label(n, (x+0.5, y+0.5)); } draw(Circle((0.5,4.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((1.5,4.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((2.5,4.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((2.5,3.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((3.5,3.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((3.5,2.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((3.5,1.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((3.5,0.5),0.5)); draw(Circle((4.5,0.5),0.5)); foo(0, 4, "1"); foo(1, 4, "2"); foo(2, 4, "3"); foo(3, 4, "4"); foo(4, 4, "5"); foo(0, 3, "2"); foo(1, 3, "4"); foo(2, 3, "6"); foo(3, 3, "8"); foo(4, 3, "10"); foo(0, 2, "3"); foo(1, 2, "6"); foo(2, 2, "9"); foo(3, 2, "12"); foo(4, 2, "15"); foo(0, 1, "4"); foo(1, 1, "8"); foo(2, 1, "12"); foo(3, 1, "16"); foo(4, 1, "20"); foo(0, 0, "5"); foo(1, 0, "10"); foo(2, 0, "15"); foo(3, 0, "20"); foo(4, 0, "25"); [/asy] If we add up the circled numbers in the example above (including the start and end squares), we get $93$. Considering all such possible paths on the $n \times n$ grid: (a) What is the smallest sum we can possibly get when we add up the numbers along such a path? Express your answer in terms of $n$, and prove that it is correct. (b) What is the largest sum we can possibly get when we add up the numbers along such a path? Express your answer in terms of $n$, and prove that it is correct.

We shall call the triplet of numbers $a, b, c$ of the interval $[-1,1]$ [i]qualitative [/i] if these numbers satisfy the inequality $1 + 2abc\ge a^2 + b^2 + c^2$. Prove that when the triples $a, b, c$, and $x, y, z$ are qualitative, then $ax, by, cz$ is also qualitative.

Find all functions $f,g,h: \mathbb{R} \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ such that $f(x) - g(y) = (x-y) \cdot h(x+y)$ for $x,y \in \mathbb{R}.$

Do there exist infinitely many positive integers $a, b$ such that $$(a^2+1)(b^2+1)((a+b)^2+1)$$ is a perfect square? [i]Proposed Ivan Chan Guan Yu[/i]

Find the area $S$ of the region enclosed by the curve $y=\left|x-\frac{1}{x}\right|\ (x>0)$ and the line $y=2$.

In triangle $\vartriangle ABC$, $AB = 5$, $BC = 7$, and $CA = 8$. Let $E$ and $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$, respectively, and let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$. The area of triangle $MEF$ can be expressed as $\frac{a \sqrt{b}}{c}$ for positive integers $a$, $b$, and $c$ such that the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $c$ is $1$ and $b$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Compute $a + b + c$.

Let $\alpha, \beta$ and $\gamma$ denote the angles of the triangle $ABC$. The perpendicular bisector of $AB$ intersects $BC$ at the point $X$, the perpendicular bisector of $AC$ intersects it at $Y$. Prove that $\tan(\beta) \cdot \tan(\gamma) = 3$ implies $BC= XY$ (or in other words: Prove that a sufficient condition for $BC = XY$ is $\tan(\beta) \cdot \tan(\gamma) = 3$). Show that this condition is not necessary, and give a necessary and sufficient condition for $BC = XY$.

Each point in the Euclidean space is colored with one of $n \ge 2$ colors, and each of the $n$ colors is used. Prove that one can find a triangle such that the color assigned to the orthocenter is different from all the colors assigned to the vertices of the triangle.

Pedrito's lucky number is $34117$. His friend Ramanujan points out that $34117 = 166^2 + 81^2 = 159^2 + 94^2$ and $166-159 = 7$, $94- 81 = 13$. Since his lucky number is large, Pedrito decides to find a smaller one, but that satisfies the same properties, that is, write in two different ways as the sum of squares of positive integers, and the difference of the first integers that occur in that sum is $7$ and in the difference between the seconds it gives $13$. Which is the least lucky number that Pedrito can find? Find a way to generate all the positive integers with the properties mentioned above.

Let $A B C$ be a triangle in the $x y$ plane, where $B$ is at the origin $(0,0)$. Let $B C$ be produced to $D$ such that $B C: C D=1: 1, C A$ be produced to $E$ such that $C A: A E=1: 2$ and $A B$ be produced to $F$ such that $A B: B F=1: 3$. Let $G(32,24)$ be the centroid of the triangle $A B C$ and $K$ be the centroid of the triangle $D E F$. Find the length $G K$.

A regular 14-gon with side $a$ is inscribed in a circle of radius one. Prove \[ \frac{2-a}{2 \cdot a} > \sqrt{3 \cdot \cos \left( \frac{\pi}{7} \right)}. \]

Given coprime positive integers $p,q>1$, call all positive integers that cannot be written as $px+qy$(where $x,y$ are non-negative integers) [i]bad[/i], and define $S(p,q)$ to be the sum of all bad numbers raised to the power of $2019$. Prove that there exists a positive integer $n$, such that for any $p,q$ as described, $(p-1)(q-1)$ divides $nS(p,q)$.