[u]Algebra Round[/u] [b]p1.[/b] Given that $x$ and $y$ are nonnegative integers, compute the number of pairs $(x, y)$ such that $5x + y = 20$. [b]p2.[/b] $f(x) = x^2 + bx + c$ is a function with the property that the $x$-coordinate of the vertex is equal to the positive difference of the two roots of $f(x)$. Given that $c = 48$, compute $b$. [b]p3.[/b] Suppose we have a function $f(x)$ such that $f(x)^2 = f(x - 5)f(x + 5)$ for all integers $x$. Given that $f(1) = 1$ and $f(16) = 8$, what is $f(2016)$? [b]p4.[/b] Suppose that we have the following set of equations $$\log_2 x + \log_3 x + \log_4 x = 20$$ $$\log_4 y + \log_9 y + \log_{16} y = 16$$ Compute $\log_x y$. [b]p5.[/b] Let $\{a_n\}$ be the arithmetic sequence defined as $a_n = 2(n - 1) + 6$ for all $n \ge 1$. Compute $$\sum^{\infty}_{i=1} \frac{1}{a_ia_{i+2}}.$$ [b]p6.[/b] Let $a, b, c, d, e, f$ be non-negative real numbers. Suppose that $a + b + c + d + e + f = 1$ and $ad + be + cf \ge \frac{1}{18} $. Find the maximum value of $ab + bc + cd + de + ef + fa$. [b]p7.[/b] Let f be a continuous real-valued function defined on the positive real numbers. Determine all $f$ such that for all positive real $x, y$ we have $f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x)$ and $f(2016) = 1$. [b]p8.[/b] Find the maximum of the following expression: $$21 cos \theta + 18 sin \theta sin \phi + 14 sin \theta cos \phi $$ [b]p9.[/b] $a, b, c, d$ satisfy the following system of equations $$ab + c + d = 13$$ $$bc + d + a = 27$$ $$cd + a + b = 30$$ $$da + b + c = 17.$$ Compute the value of $a + b + c + d$. [b]p10.[/b] Define a sequence of numbers $a_{n+1} = \frac{(2+\sqrt3)a_n+1}{(2+\sqrt3)-a_{n}}$ for $n > 0$, and suppose that $a_1 = 2$. What is $a_{2016}$? [u]Algebra Tiebreakers[/u] [b]Tie 1.[/b] Mark takes a two digit number $x$ and forms another two digit number by reversing the digits of $x$. He then sums the two values, obtaining a value which is divisible by $13$. Compute the smallest possible value of $x$. [b]Tie 2.[/b] Let $p(x) = x^4 - 10x^3 + cx^2 - 10x + 1$, where $c$ is a real number. Given that $p(x)$ has at least one real root, what is the maximum value of $c$? [b]Tie 3.[/b] $x$ satisfies the equation $(1 + i)x^3 + 8ix^2 + (-8 + 8i)x + 36 = 0$. Compute the largest possible value of $|x|$. PS. You should use hide for answers.

Define $\displaystyle{f(x) = x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \sqrt{x + \ldots}}}}}$. Find the smallest integer $x$ such that $f(x)\ge50\sqrt{x}$. (Edit: The official question asked for the "smallest integer"; the intended question was the "smallest positive integer".)

Two functions of $x$ are differentiable and not identically zero. Find an example of two such functions having the property that the derivative of their quotient is the quotient of their derivatives.

If a person A is taller or heavier than another peoson B, then we note that A is [i]not worse than[/i] B. In 100 persons, if someone is [i]not worse than[/i] other 99 people, we call him [i]excellent boy[/i]. What's the maximum value of the number of [i]excellent boys[/i]? $\text{(A)}1\qquad\text{(B)}2\qquad\text{(C)}50\qquad\text{(D)}100$

The number of functions $g:\mathbb{R}^4\to\mathbb{R}$ such that, $\forall a,b,c,d,e,f\in\mathbb{R}$ : (i) $g(1,0,0,1)=1$ (ii) $g(ea,b,ec,d)=eg(a,b,c,d)$ (iii) $g(a+e, b, c+f, d)= g(a,b,c,d)+g(e,b,f,d)$ (iv) $g(a,b,c,d)+g(b,a,d,c)=0$ is : (A)$1$ (B)$0$ (C)$\text{infinitely many}$ (D)$\text{None of these}$ [Hide=Hint(given in question)] Think of matrices[/hide]

Let $f(x)=\frac{9^x}{9^x + 3}$. Evaluate $\sum_{i=1}^{1995}{f\left(\frac{i}{1996}\right)}$.

Let $\Gamma$ consist of all polynomials in $x$ with integer coefficients. For $f$ and $g$ in $\Gamma$ and $m$ a positive integer, let $f \equiv g \pmod{m}$ mean that every coefficient of $f-g$ is an integral multiple of $m$. Let $n$ and $p$ be positive integers with $p$ prime. Given that $f,g,h,r$ and $s$ are in $\Gamma$ with $rf+sg\equiv 1 \pmod{p}$ and $fg \equiv h \pmod{p}$, prove that there exist $F$ and $G$ in $\Gamma$ with $F \equiv f \pmod{p}$, $G \equiv g \pmod{p}$, and $FG \equiv h \pmod{p^n}$.

For $n = 1,2,3,...$. $a_n$ is defined by: $$a_n =\frac{1 \cdot 4 \cdot 7 \cdot ... (3n-2)}{2 \cdot 5 \cdot 8 \cdot ... (3n-1)}$$ Prove that for every $n$ holds that $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3n+1}}\le a_n \le \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3n+1}}$$

Consider $D$ the midpoint of the base $[BC]$ of the isosceles triangle ABC in which $\angle BAC < 90^o$. On the perpendicular from $B$ on the line $BC$ consider the point $E$ such that $\angle EAB= \angle BAC$, and on the line passing though $C$ parallel to the line $AB$ we consider the point $F$ such that $F$ and $D$ are on different side of the line $AC$ and $\angle FAC = \angle CAD$. Prove that $AE = CF$ and $BF = EF$

Let $x,y,z$ be non-zero real numbers. Suppose $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ are complex numbers such that $|\alpha|=|\beta|=|\gamma|=1$. If $x+y+z=0=\alpha x+\beta y+\gamma z$, then prove that $\alpha =\beta =\gamma$.

Let $ABC$ be a triangle such that $AB > AC$, with a circumcircle $\omega$. Draw the tangents to $\omega$ at $B$ and $C$ and these intersect at $P$. The perpendicular to $AP$ through $A$ cuts $BC$ at $R$. Let $S$ be a point on the segment $PR$ such that $PS = PC$. (a) Prove that the lines $CS$ and $AR$ intersect on $\omega$. (b) Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$ and $Q$ be the point of intersection of $CS$ and $AR$. Circle $\omega$ and the circumcircle of $\vartriangle AMP$ intersect at a point $J$ ($J \ne A$), prove that $P$, $J$ and $Q$ are collinear.

Prove the equality:\\ $\tan (\frac{3\pi}{7})-4\sin (\frac{\pi}{7})= \sqrt{7}$ .

Larry and Rob are two robots travelling in one car from Argovia to Zillis. Both robots have control over the steering and steer according to the following algorithm: Larry makes a 90 degrees left turn after every $ \ell$ kilometer driving from start, Rob makes a 90 degrees right turn after every $ r$ kilometer driving from start, where $ \ell$ and $ r$ are relatively prime positive integers. In the event of both turns occurring simultaneously, the car will keep going without changing direction. Assume that the ground is flat and the car can move in any direction. Let the car start from Argovia facing towards Zillis. For which choices of the pair ($ \ell$, $ r$) is the car guaranteed to reach Zillis, regardless of how far it is from Argovia?

Jim starts with a positive integer $ n$ and creates a sequence of numbers. Each successive number is obtained by subtracting the largest possible integer square less than or equal to the current number until zero is reached. For example, if Jim starts with $ n=55$, then his sequence contains $ 5$ numbers: \begin{align*} &55\\ 55-7^2=&\ 6\\ 6-2^2=&\ 2\\ 2-1^2=&\ 1\\ 1-1^2=&\ 0 \end{align*}Let $ N$ be the smallest number for which Jim's sequence has 8 numbers. What is the units digit of $ N$? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 1 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 3 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 5 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 7 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 9$

Let $f_n$ be the Fibonacci numbers, defined by $f_0 = 1$, $f_1 = 1$, and $f_n = f_{n-1}+f_{n-2}$. For each $i$, $1 \le i \le 200$, we calculate the greatest common divisor $g_i$ of $f_i$ and $f_{2007}$. What is the sum of the distinct values of $g_i$?

Prove the equality $$\frac{2}{x^2-1}+\frac{4}{x^2-4} +\frac{6}{x^2-9}+...+\frac{20}{x^2-100} =\frac{11}{(x-1)(x+10)}+\frac{11}{(x-2)(x+9)}+...+\frac{11}{(x-10)(x+1)}$$

Let $a$, $b$ and $c$ be numbers with $0 < a < b < c$. Which of the following is impossible? $\textbf{(A)}\ a+c<b \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ a\cdot b<c \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ a+b<c \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ a\cdot c<b \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \frac{b}{c}=a$

Let $ \{f_n \}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ be a uniformly bounded sequence of real-valued measurable functions defined on $ [0,1]$ satisfying \[ \int_0^1 f_n^2=1.\] Further, let $ \{ c_n \}$ be a sequence of real numbers with \[ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} c_n^2= +\infty.\] Prove that some re-arrangement of the series $ \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} c_nf_n$ is divergent on a set of positive measure. [i]J. Komlos[/i]

In a school, \( n \) different languages are taught. It is known that for any subset of these languages (including the empty set), there is exactly one student who knows these and only these languages (there are \( 2^n \) students in total). Each day, the students are divided into pairs and teach each other the languages that only one of them knows. If students are not allowed to be in the same pair twice, what is the minimum number of days the school administration needs to guarantee that all their students know all \( n \) languages? [i]Proposed by Oleksii Masalitin[/i]

[b]p1.[/b] Compute the sum of sharp angles at all five nodes of the star below. ( [url=http://www.math.msu.edu/~mshapiro/NewOlympiad/Olymp2009/10_12_2009.pdf]figure missing[/url] ) [b]p2.[/b] Arrange the integers from $1$ to $15$ in a row so that the sum of any two consecutive numbers is a perfect square. In how many ways this can be done? [b]p3.[/b] Prove that if $p$ and $q$ are prime numbers which are greater than $3$ then $p^2 -q^2$ is divisible by $ 24$. [b]p4.[/b] A city in a country is called Large Northern if comparing to any other city of the country it is either larger or farther to the North (or both). Similarly, a city is called Small Southern. We know that in the country all cities are Large Northern city. Show that all the cities in this country are simultaneously Small Southern. [b]p5.[/b] You have four tall and thin glasses of cylindrical form. Place on the flat table these four glasses in such a way that all distances between any pair of centers of the glasses' bottoms are equal. PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

Find the number of ordered $2012$-tuples of integers $(x_1, x_2, . . . , x_{2012})$, with each integer between $0$ and $2011$ inclusive, such that the sum $x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3 + · · · + 2012x_{2012}$ is divisible by $2012$.

Let $Q$ be a $(2n+1) \times (2n+1)$ board. Some of its cells are colored black in such a way that every $2 \times 2$ board of $Q$ has at most $2$ black cells. Find the maximum amount of black cells that the board may have.

Determine all such pairs pf positive integers $(a, b)$ such that $a + b + (gcd (a, b))^ 2 = lcm (a, b) = 2 \cdot lcm(a -1, b)$, where $lcm (a, b)$ denotes the smallest common multiple, and $gcd (a, b)$ denotes the greatest common divisor of numbers $a, b$.

A $ 1$ by $ 1$ square $ABCD$ is inscribed in the circle $m$. Circle $n$ has radius $1$ and is centered around $A$. Let $S$ be the set of points inside of $m$ but outside of $n$. What is the area of $S$?

Solve the equation $p^3-q^3=pq^3-1$ in primes $p,q$.