On a line $\ell$ there exists $3$ points $A, B$, and $C$ where $B$ is located between $A$ and $C$. Let $\Gamma_1, \Gamma_2, \Gamma_3$ be circles with $AC, AB$, and $BC$ as diameter respectively; $BD$ is a segment, perpendicular to $\ell$ with $D$ on $\Gamma_1$. Circles $\Gamma_4, \Gamma_5, \Gamma_6$ and $\Gamma_7$ satisfies the following conditions: $\bullet$ $\Gamma_4$ touches $\Gamma_1, \Gamma_2$, and$ BD$. $\bullet$ $\Gamma_5$ touches $\Gamma_1, \Gamma_3$, and $BD$. $\bullet$ $\Gamma_6$ touches $\Gamma_1$ internally, and touches $\Gamma_2$ and $\Gamma_3$ externally. $\bullet$ $\Gamma_7$ passes through $B$ and the tangent points of $\Gamma_2$ with $\Gamma_6$, and $\Gamma_3$ with $\Gamma_6$. Show that the circles $\Gamma_4, \Gamma_5$, and $\Gamma_7$ are congruent.

Fix positive integers $n$ and $k\ge 2$. A list of $n$ integers is written in a row on a blackboard. You can choose a contiguous block of integers, and I will either add $1$ to all of them or subtract $1$ from all of them. You can repeat this step as often as you like, possibly adapting your selections based on what I do. Prove that after a finite number of steps, you can reach a state where at least $n-k+2$ of the numbers on the blackboard are all simultaneously divisible by $k$.

Let $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ with center $O_1$ and $O_2$ respectively, meet at points $A$ and $B$. Let $X$ and $Y$ be points on $\omega_1$. Lines $XA$ and $Y A$ meet $\omega_2$ at $Z$ and $W$, respectively, such that $A$ lies between $X$ and $Z$ and between $Y$ and $W$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $O_1O_2$, $S$ be the midpoint of $XA$ and $T$ be the midpoint of $W A$. Prove that $MS = MT$ if and only if $X,~ Y ,~ Z$ and $W$ are concyclic.

For integers $m,n\geq 1$, let $A(n,m)$ be the number of sequences $(a_1,\cdots,a_{nm})$ of integers satisfying the following two properties: [list=a] [*]Each integer $k$ with $1\leq k\leq n$ occurs exactly $m$ times in the sequence $(a_1,\cdots,a_{nm})$. [*]If $i,j,$ and $k$ are integers such that $1\leq i\leq nm$ and $1\leq j\leq k\leq n$, then $j$ occurs in the sequence $(a_1,\cdots,a_i)$ at least as many times as $k$ does.[/list] For example, if $n=2$ and $m=5$, a possible sequence is $(a_1,\cdots,a_{10})=(1,1,2,1,2,2,1,2,1,2)$. On the other hand, the sequence $(a_1,\cdots,a_{10})=(1,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,2,2)$ does not satisfy property (2) for $i=5$, $j=1$, and $k=2$. Prove that $A(n,m)=A(m,n)$.

Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle. Find the locus of the centers of the rectangles which have their vertices on the sides of $ABC$.

Suppose that some real number $x$ satisfies \[\log_2 x + \log_8 x + \log_{64} x = \log_x 2 + \log_x 16 + \log_x 128.\] Given that the value of $\log_2 x + \log_x 2$ can be expressed as $\tfrac{a\sqrt{b}}{c}$, where $a$ and $c$ are coprime positive integers and $b$ is squarefree, compute $abc$.

For integer $ n,\ a_n$ is difined by $ a_n\equal{}\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (\cos x)^ndx$. (1) Find $ a_{\minus{}2},\ a_{\minus{}1}$. (2) Find the relation of $ a_n$ and $ a_{n\minus{}2}$. (3) Prove that $ a_{2n}\equal{}b_n\plus{}\pi c_n$ for some rational number $ b_n,\ c_n$, then find $ c_n$ for $ n<0$.

Circle $C$(the center is $C$.) is inside the $\angle XOY$ and it is tangent to the two sides of the angle. Let $C_1$ be the circle that passes through the center of $C$ and tangent to two sides of angle and let $A$ be one of the endpoint of diameter of $C_1$ that passes through $C$ and $B$ be the intersection of this diameter and circle $C.$ Prove that the cirlce that $A$ is the center and $AB$ is the radius is also tangent to the two sides of $\angle XOY.$

A non-self-intersecting polygon is nearly convex if precisely one of its interior angles is greater than $180^\circ$. One million distinct points lie in the plane in such a way that no three of them are collinear. We would like to construct a nearly convex one-million-gon whose vertices are precisely the one million given points. Is it possible that there exist precisely ten such polygons?

The planar diagram below, with equilateral triangles and regular hexagons, sides length $2$ cm, is folded along the dashed edges of the polygons, to create a closed surface in three-dimensional Euclidean spaces. Edges on the periphery of the planar diagram are identified (or glued) with precisely one other edge on the periphery in a natural way. Thus, for example, $BA$ will be joined to $QP$ and $AC$ will be joined to $DC$. Find the volume of the three-dimensional region enclosed by the resulting surface. [img]https://services.artofproblemsolving.com/download.php?id=YXR0YWNobWVudHMvMy9jL2ZiZjc1ZjY5Nzk5YzRiMjhjODNlZDBiZjU1MzljYzZkNTVhOGQ3LnBuZw==&rn=VlRSTUMgMjAxNS5wbmc=[/img]

[b]p1.[/b] Show that for every $n \ge 6$, a square in the plane may be divided into $n$ smaller squares, not necessarily all of the same size. [b]p2.[/b] Let $n$ be the $4018$-digit number $111... 11222...2225$, where there are $2008$ ones and $2009$ twos. Prove that $n$ is a perfect square. (Giving the square root of $n$ is not sufficient. You must also prove that its square is $n$.) [b]p3.[/b] Let $n$ be a positive integer. A game is played as follows. The game begins with $n$ stones on the table. The two players, denoted Player I and Player II (Player I goes first), alternate in removing from the table a nonzero square number of stones. (For example, if $n = 26$ then in the first turn Player I can remove $1$ or $4$ or $9$ or $16$ or $25$ stones.) The player who takes the last stone wins. Determine if the following sentence is TRUE or FALSE and prove your answer: There are infinitely many starting values n such that Player II has a winning strategy. (Saying that Player II has a winning strategy means that no matter how Player I plays, Player II can respond with moves that lead to a win for Player II.) [b]p4.[/b] Consider a convex quadrilateral $ABCD$. Divide side $AB$ into $8$ equal segments $AP_1$, $P_1P_2$, $...$ , $P_7B$. Divide side $DC$ into $8$ equal segments $DQ_1$, $Q_1Q_2$, $...$ , $Q_7C$. Similarly, divide each of sides $AD$ and $BC$ into $8$ equal segments. Draw lines to form an $8 \times 8$ “checkerboard” as shown in the picture. Color the squares alternately black and white. (a) Show that each of the $7$ interior lines $P_iQ_i$ is divided into $8$ equal segments. (b) Show that the total area of the black regions equals the total area of the white regions. [img]https://cdn.artofproblemsolving.com/attachments/1/4/027f02e26613555181ed93d1085b0e2de43fb6.png[/img] [b]p5.[/b] Prove that exactly one of the following two statements is true: A. There is a power of $10$ that has exactly $2008$ digits in base $2$. B. There is a power of $10$ that has exactly $2008$ digits in base $5$. PS. You should use hide for answers. Collected [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309]here[/url].

(a) The numbers $1, 2,... , 100$ are divided into two groups so that the sum of all numbers in one group is equal to that in the other. Prove that one can remove two numbers from each group so that the sums of all numbers in each group are still the same. (b) The numbers $1, 2 , ... , n$ are divided into two groups so that the sum of all numbers in one group is equal to that in the other . Is it true that for every such$ n > 4$ one can remove two numbers from each group so that the sums of all numbers in each group are still the same? (A Shapovalov) [(a) for Juniors, (a)+(b) for Seniors]

A bag contains ten red marbles and some number of blue marbles. If two marbles are chosen without replacement, the probability that they are both red is $\frac{5}{17}$. How many marbles are in the bag?

Let points $A,B,$ and $C$ lie on a line such that $AB=1, BC=1,$ and $AC=2.$ Let $C_1$ be the circle centered at $A$ passing through $B,$ and let $C_2$ be the circle centered at $A$ passing through $C.$ Find the area of the region outside $C_1,$ but inside $C_2.$

Let $n$ be a positive integer, prove that : [b](a)[/b] $\log_{10}(n + 1) > \frac{3}{10n} +\log_{10}n ;$ [b](b)[/b] $ \log n! > \frac{3n}{10}\left( \frac 12+\frac 13 +\cdots +\frac 1n -1\right).$

Let all roots of an $n$-th degree polynomial $P(z)$ with complex coefficients lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Prove that all roots of the polynomial $$2zP'(z)-nP(z)$$ lie on the same circle.

Let $p$ be an odd prime and let $$F(n)=1+2n+3n^2+\ldots+(p-1)n^{p-2}.$$Prove that if $a$ and $b$ are distinct integers in $\{0,1,2,\ldots,p-1\}$ then $F(a)$ and $F(b)$ are not congruent modulo $p$.

An equilateral triangle $ABC$ is given. On the line through $B$ parallel to $AC$ there is a point $D$, such that $D$ and $C$ are on the same side of the line $AB$. The perpendicular bisector of $CD$ intersects the line $AB$ in $E$. Prove that triangle $CDE$ is equilateral.

Some regular polygons are inscribed in a circle. Fedir turned some of them, so all polygons have a common vertice. Prove that the number of vertices did not increase.

Find $10$ different positive integers such that each of them is a divisor of their sum (S Fomin, Leningrad)

Ten localities are served by two international airlines such that there exists a direct service (without stops) between any two of these localities and all airline schedules offer round-trip service between the cities they serve. Prove that at least one of the airlines can offer two disjoint round trips each containing an odd number of landings.

A cowboy is 4 miles south of a stream which flows due east. He is also 8 miles west and 7 miles north of his cabin. He wishes to water his horse at the stream and return home. The shortest distance (in miles) he can travel and accomplish this is $ \textbf{(A)}\ 4\plus{}\sqrt{185} \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 16 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 17 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 18 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \sqrt{32}\plus{}\sqrt{137}$

Let $f:\mathbb{Q}\rightarrow \mathbb{Q}$ a monotonic bijective function. a)Prove that there exist a unique continuous function $F:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that $F(x)=f(x),\ (\forall)x\in \mathbb{Q}$. b)Give an example of a non-injective polynomial function $G:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that $G(\mathbb{Q})\subset \mathbb{Q}$ and it's restriction defined on $\mathbb{Q}$ is injective.

$P(x)$ is a fifth degree polynomial. $P(2018)=1$, $P(2019)=2$ $P(2020)=3$, $P(2021)=4$, $P(2022)=5$. $P(2017)=?$

$ABCD$ is a rectangle. $E$ is a point on $AB$ between $A$ and $B$, and $F$ is a point on $AD$ between $A$ and $D$. The area of the triangle $EBC$ is $16$, the area of the triangle $EAF$ is $12$ and the area of the triangle $FDC$ is 30. Find the area of the triangle $EFC$.