Found problems: 36
PEN G Problems, 30
Let $\alpha=0.d_{1}d_{2}d_{3} \cdots$ be a decimal representation of a real number between $0$ and $1$. Let $r$ be a real number with $\vert r \vert<1$. [list=a][*] If $\alpha$ and $r$ are rational, must $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} d_{i}r^{i}$ be rational? [*] If $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} d_{i}r^{i}$ and $r$ are rational, $\alpha$ must be rational? [/list]
PEN D Problems, 1
If $p$ is an odd prime, prove that \[{k \choose p}\equiv \left\lfloor \frac{k}{p}\right\rfloor \pmod{p}.\]
1969 Canada National Olympiad, 5
Let $ABC$ be a triangle with sides of length $a$, $b$ and $c$. Let the bisector of the angle $C$ cut $AB$ in $D$. Prove that the length of $CD$ is \[ \frac{2ab\cos \frac{C}{2}}{a+b}. \]
2012 Albania National Olympiad, 4
Find all functions $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ such that
\[f(x^3)+f(y^3)=(x+y)f(x^2)+f(y^2)- f(xy)\]
for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$.
2009 China Team Selection Test, 2
Given an integer $ n\ge 2$, find the maximal constant $ \lambda (n)$ having the following property: if a sequence of real numbers $ a_{0},a_{1},a_{2},\cdots,a_{n}$ satisfies $ 0 \equal{} a_{0}\le a_{1}\le a_{2}\le \cdots\le a_{n},$ and $ a_{i}\ge\frac {1}{2}(a_{i \plus{} 1} \plus{} a_{i \minus{} 1}),i \equal{} 1,2,\cdots,n \minus{} 1,$ then $ (\sum_{i \equal{} 1}^n{ia_{i}})^2\ge \lambda (n)\sum_{i \equal{} 1}^n{a_{i}^2}.$
2009 Puerto Rico Team Selection Test, 1
By the time a party is over, $ 28$ handshakes have occurred. If everyone shook everyone else's hand once, how many people attended the party?
PEN D Problems, 4
Let $n$ be a positive integer. Prove that $n$ is prime if and only if \[{{n-1}\choose k}\equiv (-1)^{k}\pmod{n}\] for all $k \in \{ 0, 1, \cdots, n-1 \}$.
2013 Online Math Open Problems, 50
Let $S$ denote the set of words $W = w_1w_2\ldots w_n$ of any length $n\ge0$ (including the empty string $\lambda$), with each letter $w_i$ from the set $\{x,y,z\}$. Call two words $U,V$ [i]similar[/i] if we can insert a string $s\in\{xyz,yzx,zxy\}$ of three consecutive letters somewhere in $U$ (possibly at one of the ends) to obtain $V$ or somewhere in $V$ (again, possibly at one of the ends) to obtain $U$, and say a word $W$ is [i]trivial[/i] if for some nonnegative integer $m$, there exists a sequence $W_0,W_1,\ldots,W_m$ such that $W_0=\lambda$ is the empty string, $W_m=W$, and $W_i,W_{i+1}$ are similar for $i=0,1,\ldots,m-1$. Given that for two relatively prime positive integers $p,q$ we have
\[\frac{p}{q} = \sum_{n\ge0} f(n)\left(\frac{225}{8192}\right)^n,\]where $f(n)$ denotes the number of trivial words in $S$ of length $3n$ (in particular, $f(0)=1$), find $p+q$.
[i]Victor Wang[/i]
2012 USA Team Selection Test, 3
Determine, with proof, whether or not there exist integers $a,b,c>2010$ satisfying the equation
\[a^3+2b^3+4c^3=6abc+1.\]
2003 Mediterranean Mathematics Olympiad, 3
Let $a, b, c$ be non-negative numbers with $a+b+c = 3$. Prove the inequality
\[\frac{a}{b^2+1}+\frac{b}{c^2+1}+\frac{c}{a^2+1} \geq \frac 32.\]
PEN A Problems, 110
For each positive integer $n$, write the sum $\sum_{m=1}^n 1/m$ in the form $p_n/q_n$, where $p_n$ and $q_n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Determine all $n$ such that 5 does not divide $q_n$.
1986 USAMO, 1
$(\text{a})$ Do there exist 14 consecutive positive integers each of which is divisible by one or more primes $p$ from the interval $2\le p \le 11$?
$(\text{b})$ Do there exist 21 consecutive positive integers each of which is divisible by one or more primes $p$ from the interval $2\le p \le 13$?
2013 ELMO Shortlist, 5
Let $m_1,m_2,...,m_{2013} > 1$ be 2013 pairwise relatively prime positive integers and $A_1,A_2,...,A_{2013}$ be 2013 (possibly empty) sets with $A_i\subseteq \{1,2,...,m_i-1\}$ for $i=1,2,...,2013$. Prove that there is a positive integer $N$ such that
\[ N \le \left( 2\left\lvert A_1 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\left( 2\left\lvert A_2 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\cdots\left( 2\left\lvert A_{2013} \right\rvert + 1 \right) \]
and for each $i = 1, 2, ..., 2013$, there does [i]not[/i] exist $a \in A_i$ such that $m_i$ divides $N-a$.
[i]Proposed by Victor Wang[/i]
1990 AIME Problems, 4
Find the positive solution to \[ \frac 1{x^2-10x-29}+\frac1{x^2-10x-45}-\frac 2{x^2-10x-69}=0 \]
2003 Vietnam National Olympiad, 2
The circles $ C_{1}$ and $ C_{2}$ touch externally at $ M$ and the radius of $ C_{2}$ is larger than that of $ C_{1}$. $ A$ is any point on $ C_{2}$ which does not lie on the line joining the centers of the circles. $ B$ and $ C$ are points on $ C_{1}$ such that $ AB$ and $ AC$ are tangent to $ C_{1}$. The lines $ BM$, $ CM$ intersect $ C_{2}$ again at $ E$, $ F$ respectively. $ D$ is the intersection of the tangent at $ A$ and the line $ EF$. Show that the locus of $ D$ as $ A$ varies is a straight line.
2005 MOP Homework, 4
Let $ABC$ be an obtuse triangle with $\angle A>90^{\circ}$, and let $r$ and $R$ denote its inradius and circumradius. Prove that \[\frac{r}{R} \le \frac{a\sin A}{a+b+c}.\]
2013 ELMO Shortlist, 5
Let $m_1,m_2,...,m_{2013} > 1$ be 2013 pairwise relatively prime positive integers and $A_1,A_2,...,A_{2013}$ be 2013 (possibly empty) sets with $A_i\subseteq \{1,2,...,m_i-1\}$ for $i=1,2,...,2013$. Prove that there is a positive integer $N$ such that
\[ N \le \left( 2\left\lvert A_1 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\left( 2\left\lvert A_2 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\cdots\left( 2\left\lvert A_{2013} \right\rvert + 1 \right) \]
and for each $i = 1, 2, ..., 2013$, there does [i]not[/i] exist $a \in A_i$ such that $m_i$ divides $N-a$.
[i]Proposed by Victor Wang[/i]
2008 Puerto Rico Team Selection Test, 2
Using digits $ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6$, without repetition, $ 3$ two-digit numbers are formed. The numbers are then added together. Through this procedure, how many different sums may be obtained?
2003 National Olympiad First Round, 16
For which of the following values of real number $t$, the equation $x^4-tx+\dfrac 1t = 0$ has no root on the interval $[1,2]$?
$
\textbf{(A)}\ 6
\qquad\textbf{(B)}\ 7
\qquad\textbf{(C)}\ 8
\qquad\textbf{(D)}\ 9
\qquad\textbf{(E)}\ \text{None of the preceding}
$
2009 China Team Selection Test, 2
Given an integer $ n\ge 2$, find the maximal constant $ \lambda (n)$ having the following property: if a sequence of real numbers $ a_{0},a_{1},a_{2},\cdots,a_{n}$ satisfies $ 0 \equal{} a_{0}\le a_{1}\le a_{2}\le \cdots\le a_{n},$ and $ a_{i}\ge\frac {1}{2}(a_{i \plus{} 1} \plus{} a_{i \minus{} 1}),i \equal{} 1,2,\cdots,n \minus{} 1,$ then $ (\sum_{i \equal{} 1}^n{ia_{i}})^2\ge \lambda (n)\sum_{i \equal{} 1}^n{a_{i}^2}.$
2011 China Second Round Olympiad, 7
The line $x-2y-1=0$ insects the parabola $y^2=4x$ at two different points $A, B$. Let $C$ be a point on the parabola such that $\angle ACB=\frac{\pi}{2}$. Find the coordinate of point $C$.
PEN E Problems, 17
Let $a$, $b$, and $n$ be positive integers with $\gcd (a, b)=1$. Without using Dirichlet's theorem, show that there are infinitely many $k \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\gcd(ak+b, n)=1$.
2017 Ukraine Team Selection Test, 12
Let $m_1,m_2,...,m_{2013} > 1$ be 2013 pairwise relatively prime positive integers and $A_1,A_2,...,A_{2013}$ be 2013 (possibly empty) sets with $A_i\subseteq \{1,2,...,m_i-1\}$ for $i=1,2,...,2013$. Prove that there is a positive integer $N$ such that
\[ N \le \left( 2\left\lvert A_1 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\left( 2\left\lvert A_2 \right\rvert + 1 \right)\cdots\left( 2\left\lvert A_{2013} \right\rvert + 1 \right) \]
and for each $i = 1, 2, ..., 2013$, there does [i]not[/i] exist $a \in A_i$ such that $m_i$ divides $N-a$.
[i]Proposed by Victor Wang[/i]
PEN D Problems, 2
Suppose that $p$ is an odd prime. Prove that \[\sum_{j=0}^{p}\binom{p}{j}\binom{p+j}{j}\equiv 2^{p}+1\pmod{p^{2}}.\]
1986 India National Olympiad, 8
Suppose $ A_1,\dots, A_6$ are six sets each with four elements and $ B_1,\dots,B_n$ are $ n$ sets each with two elements, Let $ S \equal{} A_1 \cup A_2 \cup \cdots \cup A_6 \equal{} B_1 \cup \cdots \cup B_n$. Given that each elements of $ S$ belogs to exactly four of the $ A$'s and to exactly three of the $ B$'s, find $ n$.