Olympiad problems

2010 Gheorghe Vranceanu, 2

Tags: inequalities , linear algebra , matrix , determinant , real analysis

Let be a natural number $ n, $ a number $ t\in (0,1) $ and $ n+1 $ numbers $ a_0\ge a_1\ge a_2\ge\cdots\ge a_n\ge 0. $ Prove the following matrix inequality: $$ \begin{vmatrix}\frac{(1+t\sqrt{-1})^2}{1+t^2} & -1 & 0& 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{(1+t\sqrt{-1})^2}{1+t^2} & -1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & \frac{(1+t\sqrt{-1})^2}{1+t^2} & -1 \\ a_0 & a_1 & a_2 & a_3 & \cdots & a_{n-1} & a_n \end{vmatrix}^2\le a_0^2\left( 1+\frac{1}{t^2} \right) $$

1980 IMO, 20

Tags: inequalities , inradius , circumcircle , geometry

The radii of the circumscribed circle and the inscribed circle of a regular $n$-gon, $n\ge 3$ are denoted by $R_n$ and $r_n$, respectively. Prove that \[\frac{r_n}{R_n}\ge\left(\frac{r_{n+1}}{R_{n+1}}\right)^2.\]

2000 Croatia National Olympiad, Problem 3

Tags: number theory , inequalities

Let $n\ge3$ positive integers $a_1,\ldots,a_n$ be written on a circle so that each of them divides the sum of its two neighbors. Let us denote $$S_n=\frac{a_n+a_2}{a_1}+\frac{a_1+a_3}{a_2}+\ldots+\frac{a_{n-2}+a_n}{a_{n-1}}+\ldots+\frac{a_{n-1}+a_1}{a_n}.$$Determine the minimum and maximum values of $S_n$.

2012 Kyiv Mathematical Festival, 2

Tags: inequality , 3-variable inequality , algebra , inequalities

Positive numbers $x, y, z$ satisfy $x + y + z \le 1$. Prove that $\big( \frac{1}{x}-1\big) \big( \frac{1}{y}-1\big)\big( \frac{1}{z}-1\big) \ge 8$.

2019 IMO Shortlist, A2

Tags: inequalities , algebra

Let $u_1, u_2, \dots, u_{2019}$ be real numbers satisfying \[u_{1}+u_{2}+\cdots+u_{2019}=0 \quad \text { and } \quad u_{1}^{2}+u_{2}^{2}+\cdots+u_{2019}^{2}=1.\] Let $a=\min \left(u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{2019}\right)$ and $b=\max \left(u_{1}, u_{2}, \ldots, u_{2019}\right)$. Prove that \[ a b \leqslant-\frac{1}{2019}. \]

2012 All-Russian Olympiad, 2

Tags: inequalities

Any two of the real numbers $a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5$ differ by no less than $1$. There exists some real number $k$ satisfying \[a_1+a_2+a_3+a_4+a_5=2k\]\[a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2+a_4^2+a_5^2=2k^2\] Prove that $k^2\ge 25/3$.

2009 India National Olympiad, 5

Tags: inequalities , geometry , trigonometry , circumcircle , geometric transformation , reflection , rectangle

Let $ ABC$ be an acute angled triangle and let $ H$ be its ortho centre. Let $ h_{max}$ denote the largest altitude of the triangle $ ABC$. Prove that: $AH \plus{} BH \plus{} CH\leq2h_{max}$

1989 Austrian-Polish Competition, 1

Tags: inequalities

Show that $(\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_iy_iz_i)^2 \le (\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^3) (\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_i^3) (\sum_{i=1}^{n}z_i^3)$ for any positive reals $x_i, y_i, z_i$.

2005 MOP Homework, 4

Tags: trigonometry , inequalities , inradius , geometry

Let $ABC$ be an obtuse triangle with $\angle A>90^{\circ}$, and let $r$ and $R$ denote its inradius and circumradius. Prove that \[\frac{r}{R} \le \frac{a\sin A}{a+b+c}.\]

2006 Iran MO (3rd Round), 5

Tags: function , geometry , inradius , circumcircle , incenter , inequalities

Find the biggest real number $ k$ such that for each right-angled triangle with sides $ a$, $ b$, $ c$, we have \[ a^{3}\plus{}b^{3}\plus{}c^{3}\geq k\left(a\plus{}b\plus{}c\right)^{3}.\]

1967 AMC 12/AHSME, 11

Tags: geometry , perimeter , rectangle , inequalities

If the perimeter of rectangle $ABCD$ is $20$ inches, the least value of diagonal $\overline{AC}$, in inches, is: $\textbf{(A)}\ 0\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \sqrt{50}\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 10\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ \sqrt{200}\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \text{none of these}$

2009 Cuba MO, 3

Tags: algebra , inequalities

Determine the smallest value of $x^2 + y^2 + z^2$, where $x, y, z$ are real numbers, so that $x^3 + y^3 + z^3 -3xyz = 1.$

1996 Estonia National Olympiad, 2

Tags: min , algebra , inequalities

For which positive $x$ does the expression $x^{1000}+x^{900}+x^{90}+x^6+\frac{1996}{x}$ attain the smallest value?

1966 All Russian Mathematical Olympiad, 073

Tags: inequalities , geometric inequality , geometry

a) Points $B$ and $C$ are inside the segment $[AD]$. $|AB|=|CD|$. Prove that for all of the points P on the plane holds inequality $$|PA|+|PD|>|PB|+|PC|$$ b) Given four points $A,B,C,D$ on the plane. For all of the points $P$ on the plane holds inequality $$|PA|+|PD| > |PB|+|PC|.$$ Prove that points $B$ and C are inside the segment $[AD]$ and$ |AB|=|CD|$.

2012 Pan African, 2

Tags: inequalities , number theory

Find all positive integers $m$ and $n$ such that $n^m - m$ divides $m^2 + 2m$.

2014 Tuymaada Olympiad, 4

Tags: function , inequalities

Positive numbers $a,\ b,\ c$ satisfy $\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3$. Prove the inequality \[\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a^3+1}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^3+1}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c^3+1}}\le \dfrac{3}{\sqrt{2}}. \] [i](N. Alexandrov)[/i]

1991 AIME Problems, 3

Tags: inequalities , floor function , ceiling function , ratio , probability

Expanding $(1+0.2)^{1000}$ by the binomial theorem and doing no further manipulation gives \begin{eqnarray*} &\ & \binom{1000}{0}(0.2)^0+\binom{1000}{1}(0.2)^1+\binom{1000}{2}(0.2)^2+\cdots+\binom{1000}{1000}(0.2)^{1000}\\ &\ & = A_0 + A_1 + A_2 + \cdots + A_{1000}, \end{eqnarray*} where $A_k = \binom{1000}{k}(0.2)^k$ for $k = 0,1,2,\ldots,1000$. For which $k$ is $A_k$ the largest?

2008 Tournament Of Towns, 5

Tags: inequalities

Let $a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n$ be a sequence of positive numbers, so that $a_1 + a_2 +\cdots + a_n \leq \frac 12$. Prove that \[(1 + a_1)(1 + a_2) \cdots (1 + a_n) < 2.\] [hide="Remark"]Remark. I think this problem was posted before, but I can't find the link now.[/hide]

2014 Taiwan TST Round 1, 1

Tags: inequalities , marvio

Prove that for positive reals $a$, $b$, $c$ we have \[ 3(a+b+c) \ge 8\sqrt[3]{abc} + \sqrt[3]{\frac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{3}}. \]

2008 ISI B.Stat Entrance Exam, 1

Tags: geometry , perimeter , trigonometry , inequalities , function

Of all triangles with given perimeter, find the triangle with the maximum area. Justify your answer

KoMaL A Problems 2022/2023, A. 852

Tags: inequality , algebra , inequalities

Let $(a_i,b_i)$ be pairwise distinct pairs of positive integers for $1\le i\le n$. Prove that \[(a_1+a_2+\ldots+a_n)(b_1+b_2+\ldots+b_n)>\frac29 n^3,\] and show that the statement is sharp, i.e. for an arbitrary $c>\frac29$ it is possible that \[(a_1+a_2+\ldots+a_n)(b_1+b_2+\ldots+b_n)<cn^3.\] [i]Submitted by Péter Pál Pach, Budapest, based on an OKTV problem[/i]

2007 Estonia Math Open Junior Contests, 9

Tags: inequalities , combinatorics

In an exam with k questions, n students are taking part. A student fails the exam if he answers correctly less than half of all questions. Call a question easy if more than half of all students answer it correctly. For which pairs (k, n) of positive integers is it possible that (a) all students fail the exam although all questions are easy; (b) no student fails the exam although no question is easy?

2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina Junior BMO TST, 4

Tags: algebra , inequalities

Let $x$, $y$ and $z$ be positive real numbers such that $\sqrt{xy} + \sqrt{yz} + \sqrt{zx} = 3$. Prove that $\sqrt{x^3+x} + \sqrt{y^3+y} + \sqrt{z^3+z} \geq \sqrt{6(x+y+z)}$

1998 Swedish Mathematical Competition, 6

Tags: inequalities , algebra

Show that for some $c > 0$, we have $\left|\sqrt[3]{2} - \frac{m}{n}\right | > \frac{c}{n^3}$ for all integers $m, n$ with $n \ge 1$.

2021 Iran Team Selection Test, 3

Tags: algebra , polynomial , inequalities , number theory , relatively prime

Prove there exist two relatively prime polynomials $P(x),Q(x)$ having integer coefficients and a real number $u>0$ such that if for positive integers $a,b,c,d$ we have: $$|\frac{a}{c}-1|^{2021} \le \frac{u}{|d||c|^{1010}}$$ $$| (\frac{a}{c})^{2020}-\frac{b}{d}| \le \frac{u}{|d||c|^{1010}}$$ Then we have : $$bP(\frac{a}{c})=dQ(\frac{a}{c})$$ (Two polynomials are relatively prime if they don't have a common root) Proposed by [i]Navid Safaii[/i] and [i]Alireza Haghi[/i]