A sequence $\{ u_n \}$ of integers is defined by \[u_1 = 2, u_2 = u_3 = 7,\] \[u_{n+1} = u_nu_{n-1} - u_{n-2}, \text{ for }n \geq 3\] Prove that for each $n \geq 1$, $u_n$ differs by $2$ from an integral square.

Let $P=[a_{ij}]_{3\times 9}$ be a $3\times 9$ matrix where $a_{ij}\ge 0$ for all $i,j$. The following conditions are given: [list][*]Every row consists of distinct numbers; [*]$\sum_{i=1}^{3}x_{ij}=1$ for $1\le j\le 6$; [*]$x_{17}=x_{28}=x_{39}=0$; [*]$x_{ij}>1$ for all $1\le i\le 3$ and $7\le j\le 9$ such that $j-i\not= 6$. [*]The first three columns of $P$ satisfy the following property $(R)$: for an arbitrary column $[x_{1k},x_{2k},x_{3k}]^T$, $1\le k\le 9$, there exists an $i\in\{1,2,3\}$ such that $x_{ik}\le u_i=\min (x_{i1},x_{i2},x_{i3})$.[/list] Prove that: a) the elements $u_1,u_2,u_3$ come from three different columns; b) if a column $[x_{1l},x_{2l},x_{3l}]^T$ of $P$, where $l\ge 4$, satisfies the condition that after replacing the third column of $P$ by it, the first three columns of the newly obtained matrix $P'$ still have property $(R)$, then this column uniquely exists.

Suppose that circles $C_1$ and $C_2$ intersect at $X$ and $Y$ . Let $A, B$ be on $C_1$, $C_2$, respectively, such that $A, X, B$ lie on a line in that order. Let $A, C$ be on $C_1$, $C_2$, respectively, such that $A, Y, C$ lie on a line in that order. Let $A', B', C'$ be another similarly defined triangle with $A \ne A'$. Prove that $BB' = CC'$.

A positive integer $N$ is called [i]northern[/i] if for each digit $d > 0$, there exists a divisor of $N$ whose last digit is $d$. How many [i]northern [/i] numbers less than $2016$ are there with the fewest number of divisors as possible?

If $b$, $c$ are the legs, and $a$ is the hypotenuse of a right triangle, prove that$$\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\geq 5+3\sqrt{2}$$

Find the number of positive integers for which the product of digits and the sum of digits are the same and equal to $8$.

Suppose positive real numers $x,y,z,w$ satisfy $(x^3+y^3)^4=z^3+w^3$. Prove that $$x^4z+y^4w\geq zw.$$

Find the degree measure of an angle whose complement is $ 25\%$ of its supplement. $ \textbf{(A)}\ 48 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 60 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 75 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 120 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 150$

Let $A_1, A_2, . . . , A_{2021}$ be $2021$ points on the plane, no three collinear and $$\angle A_1A_2A_3 + \angle A_2A_3A_4 +... + \angle A_{2021}A_1A_2 = 360^o,$$ in which by the angle $\angle A_{i-1}A_iA_{i+1}$ we mean the one which is less than $180^o$ (assume that $A_{2022} =A_1$ and $A_0 = A_{2021}$). Prove that some of these angles will add up to $90^o$. [i]Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran[/i]

Let $a$ and $b$ be two positive integers. Prove that the integer \[a^2+\left\lceil\frac{4a^2}b\right\rceil\] is not a square. (Here $\lceil z\rceil$ denotes the least integer greater than or equal to $z$.) [i]Russia[/i]

Let $p$ be a prime number and let $M$ be a convex polygon. Suppose that there are precisely $p$ ways to tile $m$ with equilateral triangles with side $1$ and squares with side $1$. Show there is some side of $M$ of length $p-1$.

At a certain university, the division of mathematical sciences consists of the departments of mathematics, statistics, and computer science. There are two male and two female professors in each department. A committee of six professors is to contain three men and three women and must also contain two professors from each of the three departments. Find the number of possible comittees that can be formed subject to these requirements.

A simple graph is called "divisibility", if it's possible to put distinct numbers on its vertices such that there is an edge between two vertices if and only if number of one of its vertices is divisible by another one. A simple graph is called "permutationary", if it's possible to put numbers $1,2,...,n$ on its vertices and there is a permutation $ \pi $ such that there is an edge between vertices $i,j$ if and only if $i>j$ and $\pi(i)< \pi(j)$ (it's not directed!) Prove that a simple graph is permutationary if and only if its complement and itself are divisibility. [i]Proposed by Morteza Saghafian[/i] .

For any non-negative integer $n$, we say that a permutation $(a_0,a_1,...,a_n)$ of $\{0,1,..., n\} $ is quadratic if $k + a_k$ is a square for $k = 0, 1,...,n$. Show that for any non-negative integer $n$, there exists a quadratic permutation of $\{0,1,..., n\}$.

Eight football teams participate in a tournament of one round (each team plays each other team once) . There are no draws. Prove that it is possible at the conclusion of the tournament to be able to find $4$ teams , say $A, B, C$ and $D$ so that $A$ defeated $B, C$ and $D, B$ defeated $C$ and $D$ , and $C$ defeated $D$ .

Let $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a continuous function with the following property: for all $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}_{>0}$, the sequence $(a_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ defined as $a_n = f(n\alpha)$ satisfies $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$. Is it necessarily true that $\lim_{x \to +\infty} f(x) = 0$?

Let $x_0$ - is positive root of $x^{2017}-x-1=0$ and $y_0$ - is positive root of $y^{4034}-y=3x_0$ a) Compare $x_0$ and $y_0$ b) Find tenth digit after decimal mark in decimal representation of $|x_0-y_0|$

Alice creates a sequence: For the first $2025$ terms of this sequence, she writes a random permutation of $\{1;2;3;...;2025\}$. To define the following terms, she does the following: She takes the last $2025$ terms of the sequence, and takes its median. How many values could this sequence's $3000$'th term could get? (Note: To find the median of $2025$ numbers, you write them in an increasing order,and take the number in the middle)

Alice is counting up by fives, starting with the number $3$. Meanwhile, Bob is counting down by fours, starting with the number $2021$. How many numbers between $3$ and $2021$, inclusive, are counted by both Alice and Bob?

A regular triangle has side length $n{}$. We divided its sides into $n{}$ equal parts and drew a line segment parallel with each side through the dividing points. A lattice of $1+2+\ldots+(n+1)$ intersection points is thus formed. For which positive integers $n{}$ can this lattice be partitioned into triplets of points which are the vertices of a regular triangle of side length $1$? [i]Proposed by Alexander Gunning, Cambridge, UK[/i]

For how many values of the coefficient $a$ do the equations \begin{align*}x^2+ax+1=0 \\ x^2-x-a=0\end{align*} have a common real solution? $\textbf{(A)}\ 0 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 1 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 2 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 3 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \text{infinitely many}$

For each $1\leq i\leq 9$ and $T\in\mathbb N$, define $d_i(T)$ to be the total number of times the digit $i$ appears when all the multiples of $1829$ between $1$ and $T$ inclusive are written out in base $10$. Show that there are infinitely many $T\in\mathbb N$ such that there are precisely two distinct values among $d_1(T)$, $d_2(T)$, $\dots$, $d_9(T)$.

Let $x,y,z$ be real numbers such that $$\left|\dfrac yz-xz\right|\leq 1\text{ and }\left|yz+\dfrac xz\right|\leq 1$$ Find the maximum value of the expression $$x^3+2y$$

Find all positive integers $a, b, c$ such that $ab+1$ and $c$ are coprimes and: $$a(ba+1)(ca^2+ba+1)=2021^{2021}$$

With about six hours left on the van ride home from vacation, Wendy looks for something to do. She starts working on a project for the math team. There are sixteen students, including Wendy, who are about to be sophomores on the math team. Elected as a math team officer, one of Wendy's jobs is to schedule groups of the sophomores to tutor geometry students after school on Tuesdays. The way things have been done in the past, the same number of sophomores tutor every week, but the same group of students never works together. Wendy notices that there are even numbers of groups she could select whether she chooses $4$ or $5$ students at a time to tutor geometry each week: \begin{align*}\dbinom{16}4&=1820,\\\dbinom{16}5&=4368.\end{align*} Playing around a bit more, Wendy realizes that unless she chooses all or none of the students on the math team to tutor each week that the number of possible combinations of the sophomore math teamers is always even. This gives her an idea for a problem for the $2008$ Jupiter Falls High School Math Meet team test: \[\text{How many of the 2009 numbers on Row 2008 of Pascal's Triangle are even?}\] Wendy works the solution out correctly. What is her answer?