Prove that $2014$ divides $53n^{55}- 57n^{53} + 4n$ for all integer $n$.

A regular hexagon is split into $6$ congruent equilateral triangles by drawing in the $3$ main diagonals. Each triangle is colored $1$ of $4$ distinct colors. Rotations and reflections of the figure are considered nondistinct. Find the number of possible distinct colorings.

Let $ S \equal{} \{1,2,\ldots,2008\}$. For any nonempty subset $ A\in S$, define $ m(A)$ to be the median of $ A$ (when $ A$ has an even number of elements, $ m(A)$ is the average of the middle two elements). Determine the average of $ m(A)$, when $ A$ is taken over all nonempty subsets of $ S$.

A fair die is rolled four times. The probability that each of the final three rolls is at least as large as the roll preceding it may be expressed in the form $m/n,$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n.$

Consider the set $M$ of all sequences of integers $s=(s_1,\ldots,s_k)$ such that $0\leqslant s_i\leqslant n,\; i=1,2,\ldots,k$ and let $M(s)=\max\{s_1,\ldots,s_k\}$. Show that \[\sum_{s\in A} M(s)=(n+1)^{k+1}-(1^k+2^k+\ldots +(n+1)^k).\] [i]Ioan Tomescu[/i]

The cell of a $(2m +1) \times (2n +1)$ board are painted in two colors - white and black. The unit cell of a row (column) is called [i]dominant[/i] on the row (the column) if more than half of the cells that row (column) have the same color as this cell. Prove that at least $m + n-1$ cells on the board are dominant in both their row and column.

At the beginning of the school year, Lisa’s goal was to earn an A on at least $ 80\%$ of her $ 50$ quizzes for the year. She earned an A on $ 22$ of the first $ 30$ quizzes. If she is to achieve her goal, on at most how many of the remaining quizzes can she earn a grade lower than an A? $ \textbf{(A)}\ 1 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 2 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 3 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 4 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 5$

For each vertex of triangle $ABC$, the angle between the altitude and the bisectrix from this vertex was found. It occurred that these angle in vertices $A$ and $B$ were equal. Furthermore the angle in vertex $C$ is greater than two remaining angles. Find angle $C$ of the triangle.

Let us put pieces on some squares of $2n \times 2n$ chessboard in such a way that on every horizontal and vertical line there is an odd number of pieces. Prove that the whole number of pieces on the black squares is even.

Suppose that $P$ is the polynomial of least degree with integer coefficients such that $$P(\sqrt{7} + \sqrt{5}) = 2(\sqrt{7} - \sqrt{5})$$Find $P(2)$.

$O$ is a point inside triangle $ABC$ such that $OA=OB+OC$. Suppose $B',C'$ be midpoints of arcs $\overarc{AOC}$ and $AOB$. Prove that circumcircles $COC'$ and $BOB'$ are tangent to each other.

Prove that for no natural $m$ a number $m(m+1)$ is a power of an integer.

Consider the operation $ * $ on $ \mathbb{R} $ defined as $ x*y=x\sqrt{1+y^2}+y\sqrt{1+x^2} . $ Prove that the real numbers form a group under this operation and it's isomorphic with the additive group of real numbers.

The $C$-excircle of a triangle $ABC$ touches $AB, AC, BC$ at $M, N, K$. The points $P, Q$ lie on $NK$ so that $AN=AP, BK=BQ$. Prove that the circumradius of $\triangle MPQ$ is equal to the inradius of $\triangle ABC$.

Let $a, b$ be integers, and let $P(x) = ax^3+bx.$ For any positive integer $n$ we say that the pair $(a,b)$ is $n$-good if $n | P(m)-P(k)$ implies $n | m - k$ for all integers $m, k.$ We say that $(a,b)$ is $very \ good$ if $(a,b)$ is $n$-good for infinitely many positive integers $n.$ [list][*][b](a)[/b] Find a pair $(a,b)$ which is 51-good, but not very good. [*][b](b)[/b] Show that all 2010-good pairs are very good.[/list] [i]Proposed by Okan Tekman, Turkey[/i]

Given a nonequilateral triangle $ABC$, the vertices listed counterclockwise, find the locus of the centroids of the equilateral triangles $A'B'C'$ (the vertices listed counterclockwise) for which the triples of points $A,B', C'; A',B, C';$ and $A',B', C$ are collinear. [i]Proposed by Poland.[/i]

Let $S$ be a point inside $\angle pOq$, and let $k$ be a circle which contains $S$ and touches the legs $Op$ and $Oq$ in points $P$ and $Q$ respectively. Straight line $s$ parallel to $Op$ from $S$ intersects $Oq$ in a point $R$. Let $T$ be the intersection point of the ray $PS$ and circumscribed circle of $\vartriangle SQR$ and $T \ne S$. Prove that $OT // SQ$ and $OT$ is a tangent of the circumscribed circle of $\vartriangle SQR$.

Show that for real variables $1 \leq a, b \leq 2$ the following inequality holds. $$2(a+b)^2 \leq 9ab $$

Find all real-valued functions $f$ defined on the set of real numbers such that $$f(f(x)+y)+f(x+f(y))=2f(xf(y))$$ for any real numbers $x$ and $y$.

Actually, this is an MO I participated in :) but it's really hard to get problems from this year if you don't know some people. P1. Let $f$ be a function satisfying $f(x + 1) + f(x - 1) = \sqrt{2} f(x)$, for all reals $x$. If $f(x - 1) = a$ and $f(x) = b$, determine the value of $f(x + 4)$. [hide=Remarks]We found out that this is the modified version of a problem from LMNAS UGM 2008, Senior High School Level, on its First Round. This is also the same with Arthur Engel's "Problem Solving Strategies" Book, Example Problem E2.[/hide] P2. The sequence of "Sanga" numbers is formed by the following procedure. i. Pick a positive integer $n$. ii. The first term of the sequence $(U_1)$ is $9n$. iii. For $k \geq 2$, $U_k = U_{k-1} - 17$. Sanga$[r]$ is the "Sanga" sequence whose smallest positive term is $r$. As an example, for $n = 3$, the "Sanga" sequence which is formed is $27, 10, -7, -24, -41, \ldots.$ Since the smallest positive term of such sequence is $10$, for $n = 3$, the sequence formed is called Sanga$[10]$. For $n \leq 100$, determine the sum of all $n$ which makes the sequence Sanga$[4]$. P3. The cube $ABCD.EFGH$ has an edge length of 6 cm. Point $R$ is on the extension of line (segment) $EH$ with $EH : ER = 1 : 2$, such that triangle $AFR$ cuts edge $GH$ at point $P$ and cuts edge $DH$ at $Q$. Determine the area of the region bounded by the quadrilateral $AFPQ$. [url=https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/q1h2395046p19649729]P4[/url]. Ten skydivers are planning to form a circle formation when they are in the air by holding hands with both adjacent skydivers. If each person has 2 choices for the colour of his/her uniform to be worn, that is, red or white, determine the number of different colour formations that can be constructed. P5. After pressing the start button, a game machine works according to the following procedure. i. It picks 7 numbers randomly from 1 to 9 (these numbers are integers, not stated but corrected) without showing it on screen. ii. It shows the product of the seven chosen numbes on screen. iii. It shows a calculator menu (it does not function as a calculator) on screen and asks the player whether the sum of the seven chosen numbers is odd or even. iv. Shows the seven chosen numbers and their sum and products. v. Releases a prize if the guess of the player was correct or shows the message "Try again" on screen if the guess by the player was incorrect. (Although the player is not allowed to guess with those numbers, and the machine's procedures are started all over again.) Kiki says that this game is really easy since the probability of winning is greater than $90$%. Explain, whether you agree with Kiki.

At each vertex of a $4\times5$ rectangle there is a house. Find the path of the minimum length connecting all these houses.

Suppose $x$ is a non zero real number such that both $x^5$ and $20x+\frac{19}{x}$ are rational numbers. Prove that $x$ is a rational number.

Let $a,b,c,d >0$ and $abcd=1$. Prove that: \[ \frac{1}{(1+a)^2}+\frac{1}{(1+b)^2}+\frac{1}{(1+c)^2}+\frac{1}{(1+d)^2} \geq 1 \]

Initially, three non-collinear points, $A$, $B$, and $C$, are marked on the plane. You have a pencil and a double-edged ruler of width $1$. Using them, you may perform the following operations: [list] [*]Mark an arbitrary point in the plane. [*]Mark an arbitrary point on an already drawn line. [*]If two points $P_1$ and $P_2$ are marked, draw the line connecting $P_1$ and $P_2$. [*]If two non-parallel lines $l_1$ and $l_2$ are drawn, mark the intersection of $l_1$ and $l_2$. [*]If a line $l$ is drawn, draw a line parallel to $l$ that is at distance $1$ away from $l$ (note that two such lines may be drawn). [/list] Prove that it is possible to mark the orthocenter of $ABC$ using these operations.

Square $ABCD$ and circle $O$ intersect in eight points, forming four curvilinear triangles, $AEF , BGH , CIJ$ and $DKL$ ($EF , GH, IJ$ and $KL$ are arcs of the circle) . Prove that (a) The sum of lengths of $EF$ and $IJ$ equals the sum of the lengths of $GH$ and $KL$. (b) The sum of the perimeters of curvilinear triangles $AEF$ and $CIJ$ equals the sum of the perimeters of the curvilinear triangles $BGH$ and $DKL$. ( V . V . Proizvolov , Moscow)